Lec 1 & 2 - Nervous systems Flashcards
terrestrial plants produce many compounds to…
contrary to aquatic plants
deter, inhibit
- plant-eating animals,
- growth of other seedlings and
- soil bacteria/fungi
on land: had to survive dessication
- water loss: layer of epidermal cells with waxy cuticle
- flavanoid pigments: reflect UV
- anthocyanins and tannins
phytochemicals evolved as natural deterrent and toxins
3
- immediate deterrent effect
- regulate life cycles to affect future generations
- interfere with brain activity and neural function
alliin –> allicin: How and when?
What does allicin do?
2 main things
with alliinase, when structural damage to bulb
as donors of H2S, precursors of hydrogen sulfide:
- gaseous signalling molecule
- induces smooth muscle relaxation, dilates blood vessels
- -> cardioprotective effects
- can react with thiol groups and inactivate essential enzymes
- -> antibacterial and anti-fungal activity
as antioxidants: organoslfur inhibit peroxidation of lipids
White willow and salicin (where, what does it do)
different than aspirin bc…?
- white willow is anti-inflammatory
- found in bark
- has analgesis and anti-inflammatory effects (NOT JUST SALICIN)
- fewer side effects
BUT not inhibitor of platelet aggregation or cyclooxygenase (unlike aspirin)
Queen Anne’s lace
Why?
What is in the seeds?
what happens?
- to limit birth: abortifacient + emmenagogue
- seeds have steroids, flavanoids, alkaloids and polyphenols
- extract of seeds interfere with estrus cycle: have negative impact on pituitary-gonodal axis
- -> follicle stimulating hormone is depleted, so depletion in estradiol
Carl Linnaeus
developped own system of binomial nomenclature
kingdom, phylus, class, order, familiy, GENUS, SPECIES
garlic
antimicrobial, antifungal
cardioprotective
tobacco uses
entheogenic, stimulant, expectorant, antinausea
nicotine
interaction with receptor
recpetor en question
why addictive? Which hormones?
receptor agonist at alpha 7 nAChR (ACh receptor, most abundant in CNS)
adictive bc directly stimulates ACh R on dopamine containing neurons –> overflows of DO in reward centers
activates sympathetic nervous system, stimulate release of epinephrine
nervous system (2)
somatic NS (cranial nerves, voluntary control) Autonomic NS (involuntary control over smooth muscle, and glands : heart rate, digestion)
Autonomic NS
type of receptor, which molecules
Sympathetic:
- adrenergic
- fight or flight
- epinephrine et norepinephrine –> blood flow, heat rate
Parasympathetic
- cholinergic
- rest or digest
- Acetylcholine: defecation/urination, sex, salivation, digestion
Addiction and dopaminergic pathways
4 pathways
- mesocortical: cortex, rationality, logic
- mesolimbic: illogic, emotions, dopamine
- nigrostriatal
- tubero-infundibular
Tobacco
- what happens when curing and aging?
starch?
- curing + aging: carcinogenic tobacco specific nitrosamine (TSNAs)
- starch converted into sugar, stick to protein, oxidize into Advanced Glycation Endproduct (AGEs) –> atherosclerosis, cancer
Morning glory (uses)
hallucinogenic, psychedelic
