Lec 1-3 Flashcards
1
Q
what are the 3 subdisciplines in the field of motor behaviour
A
- motor control
- motor learning/skill acquisition
- motor development
2
Q
define motor control
A
Motor control: the process by which the nervous system plans and executes movement
3
Q
define motor learning
A
motor learning: the process by which relatively permanent changes result from practice and experience, inferred through changes in capability!
4
Q
what cannot be directly observed, only inferred
A
motor learning
5
Q
how are motor development and motor learning different
A
motor development is about change in behaviour due to aging, learning is not. Motor development can be directly observed, while motor learning is only inferred.
6
Q
Motor behaviour is a consequence of what constraints?
A
- person
- task
- environment
7
Q
what can be measured through observations? (behaviour or learning)
A
behaviour
8
Q
what are some examples of person constraints?
A
shape, height, motivation, personality, weight
9
Q
what are some examples of task constraints?
A
type of race/sport, competition, rules, coaches/instructors
10
Q
what are some examples of environment constraints?
A
temperature, size of pool/field etc, weather, audience
11
Q
with something like a soccer goalie, what are some examples of each of the three types of constraints?
A
- person - arm reach/length, height, age, motivation
- task - competition, rules…
- environment - audience, weather
12
Q
Why do we study motor behaviour
A
- Helps to instruct and practice for the most efficient learning and performance
- Helps to understand why people act, and predict how they will act to prevent errors (work place safety)
13
Q
What are the two types of methods used to study motor behaviour
A
- movement and eye tracking (video, 3D motion tracking, eye tracking)
- muscle and brain activity (EMG, EEG, fMRI is for function not activity?)
14
Q
What is EMG?
A
electromyography: a measure of muscle activity that uses surface electrode recording to take index of electrical signals within muscle
15
Q
What is EEG
A
electroencephalography: a measure of brain activity that uses surface electrodes that detect electrical signals
16
Q
What are the advantages to EEG?
A
good temporal resolution allows us to see immediate changes
17
Q
What are the disadvantages of EEG
A
Only captures activity at cortical surface, so it is spatially limited. We cannot see specific brain regions
18
Q
What is fMRI
A
Functional magnetic resonance imaging: a measure of brain function by examining blood flow to different areas of the brain
19
Q
What signal does fMRI measure during activity?
A
BOLD = Blood oxygen level dependent
20
Q
what are the advantages to fMRI
A
high spatial resolution
21
Q
what are the disadvantages to fMRI
A
Not good temporal resolution and expensive
22
Q
What is TMS
A
Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a tool used to probe brain function **NOT a measure!
23
Q
How does TMS work
A
It generates a pulsed magnetic field. Neurons in specific parts of the brain depolarize and hyperpolarize, either exciting (contraction) or inhibiting (causing temporary virtual lesions)
24
Q
Why is it important to define and categorize skills?
A
because the type of skill impacts:
1. Measurements (how and what)
2. Instructions
3. Theories of motor control and learning
25
define a skill (as action/task)
skill (task): a goal directed task or action
26
Define a skill (performance indicator)
Skill (performance): the ability to bring about some
1. pre determined end result with
2. maximum certainty and
3. minimum outlay of energy/time
27
what are the criteria of a motor skill
1. goal oriented
2. voluntary
3. body and or limb movements are required to accomplish the goal
4. result of practice (needs to be relearned and learned)
28
What are the 3 types of motor skill classification systems
1. size of musculature required (gross vs fine)
2. time defined (discrete vs serial vs continuous)
3. environment predictability (open vs closed)
29
how do we differentiate fine vs gross motor skills
fine: requires greater control of small muscles, typically precise skills
gross: requires greater control of large muscles, with less precision
30
why is it best to think of skills as a continuum?
because many motor skills require a coordination of different conditions! (large and small muscles for example)
31
What is discrete vs continuous task
Discrete has a well defined start and end (throwing, striking a match, shifting a gear)
continuous is ongoing (swimming, running etc)
32
What are critical questions to ask when classifying motor skills
1. could the action be performed while large muscles are constrained?
2. is there a clear beginning and end?
3. does the performer initiate the action or respond to the environment
33
what is a serial skill
serial skill: a string of discrete skills that form a more complex action. order is important for success
34
What is a closed motor skill
1. stable and predictable environment
2. object does not change during performance
3. self-paced. performer controls the situation (object is acted upon and the context does not change)
35
What is an open motor skill
1. unpredictable, changing environment
2. object or context is in motion during performance
3. externally paced. performer responds to the environment
36
what are some examples of closed vs open motor skills
closed: archer
semi predictable: slacklining
open: wrestling
37
how can we change baseball into a closed motor skill?
T ball
38
how can we measure skills from a performance perspective?
1. speed
2. accuracy
3. consistency
4. process
39
what are characteristics of proficiency
max speed and accuracy
40
what different components do we measure when looking at speed?
1. reaction time
2. movement time
3. total response time
41
define reaction time
reaction time: the interval between presentation of unanticipated stimulus and the beginning of the response
42
define movement time
movement time: the interval reflecting the movement from initiation to end. It reflects the time to transport the limb
43
define total response time
Response time: the interval including reaction time and movement time, from unanticipated stimulus to end of movement
44
When measuring reaction time, why is it important to have an unanticipated stimulus?
Unanticipated means that you get a "purer" reaction time that encompasses all of the cognitive processing time. With anticipated, you have a minor level of processing before measurement, and you lose that data
45
How can we measure response time?
EMG, video, etc.
46
In a race, is the "go" gun usually the only signal given in a race?
No! There is also the cue of other runners. Their movement signifies that the race has begun
47
Which measure, RT or MT will give us most insight into the time to process information?
reaction time, as it represents the cognitive processing of information, while movement time represents the physical reaction post CNS planning and execution
48
What is the order of the events and key terms when measuring response time
warning stimulus to get ready, foreperiod, go stimulus, reaction time, start point, movement response, end point
49
what is the foreperiod?
the interval between the warning stimulus and the go stimulus
50
Reaction time is the measure of what?
information processing time
51
movement time is the measure of what?
limb transport time
52
What is the reaction time interval
the time between the go stimulus and start of movementwh
53
what is the interval for movement time
the time between movement start and end
54
what is the interval for response time
the time between go stimulus and movement end (+foreperiod)
55
How can the EMG break up reaction time?
It can show us the individual signals and contractions of muscle, so we can see the exact moment we get an efferent signal to initate movement
56
What is EMG
EMG is a recording of electrical activity in muscle/groups of muscles
57
What are the spikes in EMG readings?
represents motor neuron activity, aka muscle contraction
58
what is the interval for central processing time when using EMG?
essential the reaction time interval, after the go stimulus and before EMG activity
59
What is the difference between pre-motor RT and motor RT
pre motor RT is a purer measure of information processing time. The delay between go and EMG activity
60
What is error score?
it is a measure that provides information about performance accuracy, bias and consistency
61
What is absolute error
absolute error: how far a person was from the target
62
what measures of error are absolute? Which are not?
absolute = AE, VE, RE, not = CE
63
What is mean absolute error? What is its equation?
Mean AE: mean error score across a series of trials.
AE = sum of I xi-T I / n
64
What is constant error?
constant error: a measure of how far away from the target and which direction. Represents directional bias
65
What is mean CE? What is its equation?
mean CE: represents average magnitude and deviation
Mean CE = sum (xi-T)/n
66
What is variable error?
variable error: the spread of scores about your own average score OR the spread of errors around your own average error
67
What is radial error?
radial error: radial distance from the target
68
What is mean RE? What is its equation?
Mean RE: mean error score for person across series of trials.
RE = square root (x^2+y^2)
69
In continuous tasks, where the goal is to stay within a target zone, what is the performance measure used?
absolute error
70
What is kinematics?
kinematics: observed when something changes over time, and not just the end result
71
what is EG?
i think a goniometer
72
what are the types of kinematic measures? define each
displacement: change in spatial position in one or more dimensions over time
velocity: rate of change in spatial position in one or more dimensions over time
acceleration: change in velocity in one or more dimensions over time
73
When does peak velocity occur in a movement?
in smooth movements, peak velocity occurs halfway through movement. PV corresponds to 0.0 acceleration
74
What is secondary acceleration? What would it look like on a graph (acceleration and time), along with deceleration?
secondary acceleration: represents corrections to the original movement?
look up graph in notes
75
Define computations in kinesiology terms
Computations: what takes place between a stimulus and a response
76
what is the information processing approach?
An approach that follows the idea that internal and external input comes to the performer, processed, and then results in some output.
77
What are the fundamental assumptions of the information processing approach?
1. processing slows us down
2. deciding how to act slows us down
3. planning a complex response slows us down
78
what are the 3 stages behind response execution?
1. stimulus identification (detect and discriminate)
2. Response selection
3. Response programming
79
what is mental chronometry
a method that measures brain processing by comparing different RT tasks
80
Describe the types of RT task, and how many response s and stimuli they each have
simple = 1 stimulus, 1 response
choice = 1+ stimuli, 1+ responses
discriminative = 1+ stimulus, 1 response
81
Describe the stages within each type of RT task
simple = detect + program
choice = detect + discriminate + select + program
discriminative = detect + discriminate + program
82
what is subtractive logic
the logic is that if we know the RTs for two tasks, we can calculate the time for any of the individual stages
83
what assumption can be made from the subtractive method?
we assume that the information processing stages are independent and hence serial in nature
84
performing the triple jump is what type of skill?
serial (discrete)
85
riding a BMX bike is open or closed?
mostly open and some closed
86
what equipment is needed to measure premotor RT
EMG
87
constant error is best defined as a measure of...
bias
88
what stage is missing when going from SRT to a go/nogo RT task?
stimulus discrimination
89
according to hick's law, rt increases at a constant amount every time the number of sr alternatives is ...
doubled
90
reaction time _____ as the intensity of the stimulus _____
decreases, increases
91
does variability of the foreperiod in a RT situation affect spatial anticipation?
no - it affects temporal anticipation... when
92
what measure of brain activity gives us immediate changes?
EEG
93
what measure of brain/muscle activity takes a long time?
fMRI
94
which tool of measuring brain activity uses depolarization and hyper polarization of neurons
TMS
95
What kind of environment classification is slack lining?
mix of open and closed - self paced with a semipredictable environment
96
What are some critical classifications for skills as a TASK
1. fine or gross
2. open or closed
3. discrete vs continuous
4. motor or cognitive resources
97
how are the classifications of skill as a task vs performance different?
task and performance are the same, except task involves attention
98
In the book there is the discussion of false starts (p41) in sprinting. What appears to be the primary reason for the increases in RTs related to stages of information processing?
In those who have a false start, there is less temporal anticipation as to when the gun would go off. Temporal anticipation is a huge factor in decreasing response time, so without proper anticipation, they suffer RT costs
99
What do the a, b and N values represent in the Hick's Law equation? What components of this equation would you expect to vary between individuals?
a= y intercept, simple RT where there is no choice, just one stimulus and one response. This corresponds to 0 bits of information (as it's the intercept).
b= slope/gradient, cost of adding 1 bit of information or stated another way, the cost of doubling the number of S-R alternatives.
N=# S-R alternatives.
a and b both vary between individuals, depending on what an individual's SRT is and how familiar or experienced they are with the task and relations between the stimulus-response pairings.
100
