Lec 10 Flashcards
(11 cards)
1
Q
What year did Subtropical + Tropical environments yield to farming?
A
10-5kya BP
2
Q
Through farming, what came about?
A
- Replaced way of life
- 1st time in history that brought artificial control of economic and social resources
- foundation of complex societies: rank, kingdoms, city-states, + empires
- fundamental change in human evo, foraging quickly marginalized
3
Q
Neolithization vs Neolithic (definitions)
A
Neolithic = period in which process of farming took place
Neolithization = process of adopting farming
- Neolithic is often defined w/ association to:
- Pottery
- Polished Stone Tools
- Semi-permanent settlements
- Economic activity w/ domestic animals + plants
4
Q
Order of Earliest Domestication
A
- Levant
- Papua New Guinea Highlands
- Sub-tropical Zone in E/SE China
- Western Hemisphere (Mexico lowlands)
- S. America Highlands
- Sahil, Africa
- S. USA
5
Q
Describe Natufian?
A
- 13k-12.8kya
- Base camps in Mediterranean woodland belt, pistachios + oak; cereals
- Pit houses w/ stone foundations (usually if u dont plan on moving)
- Graves are common, children (1/3), dogs buried w/ humans
- Diverse material culture
- Art
6
Q
Describe Kuk?
A
- Plant cultivation in highland PNG begins 10k BP
- Mound Creation (control seasonal issues) appears ~10k-7k BP
- Ditches were built 10,000-4,350 BP
- Extensive forest clearance = turned into grasslands
- banana full domestication by 7k BP
7
Q
Millet/Rice Domestication in China
A
- Most sites are caves or fluvial terraces
- Pottery appears (12-9k) before any evidence of farming
- Early Agriculture dates to 9k-8.5k BP (>10k, rice grains found in Bashidang, Hunan province)
4.Villages; semi-houses + protective ditches
- Millet = N. China
- Rice = SE
- Evidence for Taro + soy, but scarce
- Chickens, domesticated early
8
Q
Neolithic Africa?
A
- Cattle before crops
- cattle was earliest domesticates, not plants
- derived form N. African wild Bos populations
- age: 10k-8.8k BP
- E. Sahara
(Nabta Playa, Egypt)
9
Q
Plant Domestication?
A
Shorgum, millet, fonio, yams, (along the Sahel, forest borders, ethiopian highlands + great lakes)
- Spread was uneven
- hunter/gatherers and food producers coexisted in all regions for a long time
- adoption of cattle = ecological feasibility
- adoption of plant domesticates = feasibility + predictability of hunting + gathering
10
Q
Maize?
A
- Genetic evidence shows that maize arose form annual grass called Teosinte
- Direct dating by AMS found earliest Maize in S. Mexico
- > 5500 BP
- Data suggests that Maize might’ve been in other places, particular S. American populations around the equator were using Maize as early as 6500 BP
11
Q
Europe Domestication?
A
- No centers of domestication
- Partial colonization of middle E. Farmers
- strong hunter-gatherer substrate
- Highest direct impact in SE + Central Europe (15-25%)
- NO input from British isles
- moderate input from W. Europe (10%)
- Direct ancestry from Modern EU is not middle eastern neolithic BUT Upper Paleolithic (African Substrate)
