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MSK Test 1 > LEC-10 MSK Response to Load Physiology > Flashcards

LEC-10 MSK Response to Load Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

________________ is a law that states bones are able to sense the loads on them and modify their structures to suit changes in these loads. Form follows function.

A

Wolff’s Law

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2
Q

(T/F) Growing bone responds to low or moderate exercise through significant addition of new bone; however, a threshold exists beyond which some bone responds negatively.

A

True.

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3
Q

Moderate to intense physical activity can increase bone ______________.

A

Mineral content

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4
Q

Physical activity for middle-aged and older adults is recommended for a duration of ____________ and ____ days of the week.

A

30 minutes; all days of the week

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5
Q

Strength training for middle-aged and older adults is recommended ___ - ___ times per week.

A

2-3 times per week

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6
Q

Elder nursing home patients spend more than ___% of their daily time in bed.

A

80%

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7
Q

____________ is the loss of muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle protein synthesis.

A

Muscle atrophy

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8
Q

What are the material properties associated with bone?

A
  • Elastic-plastic
  • Yield point
  • Brittle-ductile
  • Toughness

These properties remain constant regardless of bone shape.

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9
Q

What are the structural properties associated with bone?

A
  • Bending stiffness
  • Torsional stiffness
  • Axial stiffness

These properties depend on the shape and material of the bone.

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10
Q

In a graph of applied force vs. displacement, the slope of the graph represents the ______________.

A

Stiffness

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11
Q

(Stress/Strain) is the force applied over an area.

A

Stress (Force/Area)

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12
Q

(Stress/Strain) is change in height compared to the original height.

A

Strain (ΔHeight/Original Height)

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13
Q

A (lower/higher) elastic modulus means that there is more strain available for a given stress.

A

Lower

  • Lower elastic modulus means more able to bend
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14
Q

Elastic modulus is calculated by _______________.

A

Stress/Strain

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15
Q

Beyond the yield failure point of a material, it experiences (elastic/plastic) deformation.

A

Plastic

  • Irreversible deformation
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16
Q

The (yield failure/ultimate failure) point in a stress vs. strain graph is the point at which no stress needs to be applied in order to elicit strain on the material.

A

Ultimate failure

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17
Q

What are the basic forces that may cause fracture?

A

Image

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18
Q

When a material experiences a shearing force, the side undergoing (tension/compression) will fail first.

A

Tension

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19
Q

When a bone receives force, the side undergoing (compression/tension) is the strongest.

A

Compression

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20
Q

(Hyaline/Elastic/Fibro) cartilage is found in the external ear, larynx, epiglottis, and eustachian tube.

A

Elastic

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21
Q

(Hyaline/Elastic/Fibro) cartilage covers the surface of most joints. It is slick, smooth, and receives nutrition from synovial fluid. It is a thin cartilage (2-4mm thin), and it is composed of mostly type II collagen. It appears avascular, white, aneural, and alymphatic.

A

Hyaline

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22
Q

(Hyaline/Elastic/Fibro) cartilage is composed of strong and stiff fibers. It is found in the pubic symphysis, meniscus, and annulus fibrosis.

A

Fibrocartilage

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23
Q

The ________ transcription factor steers mesenchyme toward a cartilage lineage.

24
Q

Chondrocytes are metabolically active and utilize (aerobic/anaerobic) metabolism.

25
Within the chondrocyte matrix, the **deep** portion is composed of (proteoglycans/collagen).
Proteoglycans
26
Within the chondrocyte matrix, the **superficial** portion is composed of (proteoglycans/collagen).
Collagen
27
**Chondrocytes differentiate** from mesenchymal cells under the influence of ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* TGF-β * Sox9
28
Sox ___ and ___ also influence chondrocyte differentiation.
5 and 6
29
(T/F) Cartilage has **no** intrinsic blood vessels, nerves, or lymph vessels.
True
30
Nutrients and wastes are transported within **cartilage** by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Diffusion
31
(T/F) Cartilage damage can be sensed immediately and is able to heal most injuries given time.
False. Cartilage damage **cannot be sensed** and it is **unable to heal** injuries.
32
Describe the structural anatomy of hyaline (articular) cartilage from outermost layer to the layer nearest the bone.
Image
33
What are the two main functions of hyaline (articular) cartilage?
* Decrease friction in the joint * Distribute load and resist compression
34
Increasing the level of (proteoglycans/water) within hyaline cartilage causes it to become more flexible.
Water
35
Increasing the level of (proteoglycans/water) within hyaline cartilage causes it to become more stiff.
Proteoglycans
36
Articular cartilage can manage the impact of loads up to \_\_\_N/mm^2.
25N/mm^2
37
Synovial joints contain ______________ that lubricates the joint, absorbs shock, provides nutrients to tissues, and removes waste products from tissue.
Synovial fluid
38
Differing from bone, hyaline cartilage, tendons, and ligaments have a _______________ region on their stress vs. strain graph that signifies the crimping and pulling out of collagen fibers prior to the linear region of the graph.
Toe region
39
What negative changes does overloading a joint cause?
Image
40
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and ___________ are composed of organized bundles of collagen fibers. They possess great tensile strength and resist stretching in one direction.
Tendons and ligaments
41
(Choose all that apply) Collagen fibers in **tendons** are: * Parallel * Oblique * Spiral * Transverse
Parallel
42
(Choose all that apply) Collagen fibers in **ligaments** are: * Parallel * Oblique * Spiral * Transverse
* Parallel * Oblique * Spiral
43
(Bone/Tendon and ligament) has/have higher ultimate tensile strain.
Tendon and ligament * Due to lower stiffness from greater collagen content
44
The more collagen a structure has, the more (compression/torsion/tensile) strength it possesses.
Tensile
45
Normal tendon cells utilize what three metabolic pathways?
* Aerobic Krebs cycle * Anaerobic glycolysis * Pentose phosphate shunt
46
Aging tenocytes use only (aerobic Krebs cycle/anaerobic glycolysis/pentose phosphate shunt).
Anaerobic glycolysis
47
(Tendons/Ligaments) connect muscle to bone.
Tendons
48
(Tendons/Ligaments) connect bone to bone.
Ligaments
49
(T/F) Ligaments are incredibly strong anatomical structures that bear the entire weight of a joint alone.
False. Ligaments share the load by having **more than one ligament connect bones**. An example of this is the knee and ACL, PCL, and MCL.
50
(T/F) Ligaments are not well-equipped to handle shearing stress; they will experience shear failure at relatively low loads.
True
51
Water content of ligaments (grows/diminishes) with age.
Diminishes
52
The (ACL/MCL) has elongated nuclei, more proliferative cells, its cells migrate fairly quickly, and it readily heals most minor injuries.
MCL
53
The (ACL/MCL) has rounded nuclei, its cells grow and migrate rather slowly, and it is unable to heal quickly or completely.
ACL
54
The (anterior/posterior) portions of the MCL and ACL are relatively loose.
Anterior
55
The (anterior/posterior) portions of the MCL and ACL are relatively tight.
Posterior
56
On an MRI, a normal, uninjured ACL is (black/white) in appearance.
Black
57
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are calcified collagenous fibers that anchor ligaments to bone by the periosteum.
Sharpey's Fibers

MSK Test 1 (11 decks)

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