LEC-8 Bone and Cartilage Flashcards
1
Q
The smallest functional unit of bone is a(n) __________.
A
Osteon
2
Q
Anything referring to bone begins with the prefix ________.
A
Osteo
3
Q
Anything referring to cartilage begins with the prefix ________.
A
Chondro
4
Q
What are the three types of bone cell?
A
- Osteoblasts
- Osteocytes
- Osteoclasts
5
Q
What are the four types of bone?
A
- Woven
- Lamellar (created by remodeling of woven bone)
- Compact
- Cancellous (Soft)
6
Q
Bone is primarily made from what type of collagen?
A
Type I
7
Q
What are the two types of cartilage cell?
A
- Chondroblasts
- Chonrdocytes
8
Q
Cartilage is primarily made from what type of collagen?
A
- Type II
- Type I also (minor)
9
Q
The vascular tissue enveloping the bone at all places except joints is referred to as the ______________.
A
Periosteum
10
Q
The connective tissue that envelopes cartilage at all regions except joints is known as ___________.
A
Perichondrium
11
Q
What is the mechanism for bone growth?
A
Appositional
12
Q
What is the mechanism for cartilage growth?
A
Appositional AND Interstitial
13
Q
What are the three types of cartilage?
A
- Hyaline
- Elastic
- Fibrocartilage
14
Q
The base of skull, appendicular skeleton, and axial skeleton is formed through what type of ossification?
A
Endochondrial
15
Q
The bones of the skull and a few bones within the face are developed through what type of ossification?
A
Intramembranous
- Mandible and Maxilla are intramembranous ossifications
16
Q
Describe the steps of intramembranous ossification.
A
- An ossification center forms within the mesenchyme.
- Blood vessels develop and carry factors into the ossification center.
- Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts and begin to secrete osteoid.
- Osteoid mineralizes to form woven bone.
- Woven bone is then remodeled into lamellar bone.
17
Q
(Woven/Lamellar) bone is formed first by the secretion of osteoid from osteoblasts. It consists of haphazardly organized collagen fibers and is relatively weak. Of the two, this type is the quickest to form, especially following breaks or Paget’s disease.
A
Woven
18
Q
(Woven/Lamellar) bone consists of regularly spaced, parallel, concentric alignments of collagen into sheets. This type of bone is mechanically stronger than its counterpart but takes longer to develop.
A
Lamellar
19
Q
(T/F) There are a great deal of blood vessels within cartilage during chondrification.
A
False. There are no blood vessels present in cartilage during chondrification.
20
Q
Describe the process of chondrification.
A
- Mesenchymal cells differentiate into round chondroblasts.
- Chondroblasts secrete cartilage matrix.
- Chondroblasts then become chondrocytes that divide and proliferate.
21
Q
The __________________ induces mesenchymal cells to form into chondroblasts during chondrification.
A
Extracellular matrix
22
Q
The outline for endochondral ossification begins as __________ cartilage.
A
Hyaline
23
Q
What is the bony collar?
A
A cuff of periosteal bone that forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage outline in developing long bones.
24
Q
A bony collar is utilized during (intramembranous/endochondral/both) ossification.
A
Both
25
(T/F) Although used in endochondral ossification, the bony collar is formed through intramembranous ossification.
True.
26
Chondrocytes within a cartilage matrix receive nutrients through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Diffusion
27
Describe the **general** formation of a primary ossification center.
1. The bony collar forms on the outside of the hyaline cartilage outline.
2. Blood vessels invade this space and begin to release osteoprogenitor cells
3. The osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts.
4. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid for further bone formation.
28
After the bony collar is formed, receiving nutrients through diffusion is no longer possible and the chondrocytes die, leaving behind a hollowed __________ within the bone.
Merocavity
29
Where is the primary ossification center in long bones?
Diaphysis (shaft)
30
Where is the secondary ossification center in long bones?
Epiphysis (rounded bone end)
31
Bone elongates through interstitial growth (proliferation) of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Epiphyseal plate (or physis)
32
Bone widens through the __________ growth of the (epiphysis/metaphysis/diaphysis).
Appositional growth of the diaphysis
33
What is happening at each of the following regions within the epiphyseal plate?
1. Cells are at rest (reserve)
2. Cellular proliferation (interstitial growth)
3. Hypertrophy (apoptosis)
4. Calcification and ossification of cells
34
Bone grows (toward/away from) an epiphyseal plate.
Toward
35
Label the following parts of a long bone:
Image
36
90% of organic bone matrix protein consists of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Type I collagen
37
Besides type I collagen, what else makes up the organic portion of the bone matrix?
* Glycoproteins
* Proteoglycans
* Alkaline Phosphatase
38
What serves as an important biomarker for **osteoblast** presence?
Alkaline phosphatase
39
The primary inorganic component of bone that bestows its solid properties is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Hydroxyapatite
40
The small tubes or holes in bone that contain blood vessels and nerves are known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Haversian canals
41
What are the four primary bone matrix glycoproteins?
* Osteocalcin
* Osteopontin
* Osteonectin
* Sialoprotein
42
Which bone matrix glycoprotein promotes the **conversion of minerals to collagen components**?
Osteonectin
43
Which bone matrix glycoprotein **binds to the calcium** ions within **hydroxyapatite**, attracts osteoclasts to **promote bone remodeling**, and is indicative of disease when found within the urine?
Osteocalcin
44
Which bone matrix glycoprotein promotes the organization of bone cells into a **crystalline matrix**, most likely by serving as the nucleus for the formation of the first apatite crystals?
Sialoprotein
45
Which bone matrix glycoprotein binds to **integrins** and **hydroxyapatite**, attracting **osteoblasts** and **osteoclasts** to promote **bone formation** and **resorption**?
Osteopontin
46
(Cancellous/Compact) bone consists of trabeculae/bony spicules with marrow between each. It possesses irregular lamellae (sheets) and is bound to the epiphyseal plate. It has no osteons.
Cancellous (spongy)
47
There (are/aren't) blood vessels within the bony spicules (trabeculae) of cancellous bone.
Aren't blood vessels
48
There (are/aren't) blood vessels within the dividing marrow of cancellous bone.
Are blood vessels
49
Nutrients reach osteocytes within cancellous bone through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or hollow tubes.
Canaliculi
50
The bony spicules of cancellous bone are lined by the endosteum, which contains \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* Osteoprogenitors
* Osteoblasts
* Osteoclasts
51
(Cancellous/Compact) bone consists of periosteum that lines the exterior of the bone, endosteum that lines the marrow cavity and haversian canals, **osteons**, and lamellae (sheets).
Compact
52
What are the two layers of periosteum associated with **compact bone**?
* Fibrous
* Osteogenic (contains osteoprogenitors)
53
The endosteum of **compact bone** also contains \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* Osteoprogenitors
* Osteoblasts
* Osteoclasts
54
What is one of the most primary differences between compact bone and cancellous bone?
Compact bone contains **osteons** (haversian systems).
55
A(n) __________________ connects two Haversian canals.
Volkmann's canal (perforating canal)
* Osteonic canal is another name for a Haversian canal
56
The following is an example of (mature/immature) periosteum and bone formation.
* **Immature**
* Type I collagen containing blood vessels outlined in red.
* Thick osteoprogenitor layer outlined in blue.
* Osteocytes of bone found within lacunae outlined in green.
57
The following is an example of (mature/immature) periosteum and bone formation.
* **Mature**
* Type I collagen layer outlined in red.
* Thin or almost nonexistent osteoprogenitor layer outlined in blue.
* Osteocytes of bone found within lacunae outlined in green.
58
The arrows in the following picture indicate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Sharpey's Fibers
59
(Interstitial/Concentric) lamellae are the lamellae found within osteons themselves. They are oldest at the concrete line, proceeding in the opposite age order of the rings found within a tree trunk.
Concentric
60
(Interstitial/Concentric) lamellae are lamellae of partially resorbed, older osteons occurring between newer, complete osteons.
Interstitial
61
The youngest concentric lamellae are found on the (outermost/innermost) region of the osteon.
Innermost, nearest the center
62
Label the following image:
Image
63
What structure is indicated by the black arrows in the following image?
Volkmann's Canals
64
(Osteoclasts/Osteoblasts/Osteocytes) display basophilic staining properties, possess a stellate shape, are used to **produce bone**, express PTH receptors on their surfaces, and secrete osteoid.
Osteoblasts
65
(T/F) Osteoblasts may function in the absence of vitamin C.
False. Osteoblasts **need vitamin C to function**.
66
(Osteoclasts/Osteoblasts/Osteocytes) are found within lacunae of bone, extend processes into canaliculi that serve as gap junctions, possess very small golgi and RER, are **nondividing**, perform lysis on other cells to increase serum Ca2+ concentration, and recruit further bone formation progenitors following excessive pushing and pulling motions (e.g. exercising).
Osteocytes
67
(Osteoclasts/Osteoblasts/Osteocytes) form from hematopoietic stem cells, are large, **motile**, **multinucleated**, and **acidophilic**,live in **Howship's lacunae** (resorption pits), possess a **ruffled** **border**, express **integrins** on their surfaces, have numerous mitochondria, golgi, **lysosomes**, and RER, and are nondividing. Their primary function is to **resorb bone**.
Osteoclasts
68
**Too much** bone resorption results in (osteoporosis/osteopetrosis).
Osteo**poro**sis
* May help to imagine that too much resorption leaves **pores** within bone.
69
Too little bone resorption results in (osteoporosis/osteopetrosis).
Osteo**petro**sis
* May help to image that too little resorption results in excess calcium, leaving bones and tissue **petrified**.
70
Digestion and resorption of bone occurs in the resorption pit at the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Ruffled border
71
Osteoclasts accomplish bone resorption through a combination of _____________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* Lysosomal enzymes
* Acidic environment
72
In what three ways do osteoclasts create an acidic environment within the resorption pit?
* Carbonic acid
* CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3-
* Proton pump
* Actively pumps H+ ion back into resorption pit
* Na+/H+ antiporter
* Uses electrochemical energy created by Na+ moving down its concentration gradient and into the cell to transport H+ up its concentration gradient and into the resorption pit
73
In what way do osteoclasts degrade **collagen** within bone?
Lysosomal enzymes
* TRAP (Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase)
* Cystein-Proteinases (Cathepsins)
74
What lysosomal enzymes do osteoclasts utilize to degrade collagen?
* TRAP (Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase)
* Cysteine-Proteinases (Cathespins)
75
**Hyaline** cartilage consists of type (I/II/III/IV) collagen.
Type II
76
**Elastic** cartilage consists of type (I/II/III/IV) collagen.
Type II
77
**Fibrocartilage** consists of type (I/II/III/IV) collagen.
Type I
78
(Fibro/Hyaline/Elastic) cartilage is different from the other two types in that it contains the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) chondroitin and **dermatan** sulfate.
Fibrocartilage
79
(Fibro/Hyaline/Elastic) cartilage is different from the other two types in that it contains **no perichondrium**.
Fibrocartilage
80
(Fibro/Hyaline/Elastic) cartilage possesses isogenous **nests**.
Hyaline
81
(Fibro/Hyaline/Elastic) cartilage possesses isogenous **rows**.
Fibrocartilage
82
(Fibro/Hyaline/Elastic) cartilage may be described as "**glassy**".
Hyaline
83
(Fibro/Hyaline/Elastic) cartilage is found in the embryonic skeleton, the epiphyseal plates, articular cartilage on the ends of bone, nasal cartilages, and tracheal ring cartilages.
Hyaline
84
(Fibro/Hyaline/Elastic) cartilage is found within the pinna of the ear and the epiglottis of the throat.
Elastic
85
(Fibro/Hyaline/Elastic) cartilage is found within the intervertebral discs of the spine and the menisci of joints.
Fibrocartilage
