lec 12-13 vaccines and bioterrorism

Question 1

Jenner 1796

Answer 1

first innoculation

smallpox

Question 2

major uses of vaccines

Answer 2

domesticated livestock
pets
fish
wild animals

Question 3

impact of vaccines on smallpox

Answer 3

eradicated

last case 1970s

Question 4

impact of vaccines on diptheria

Answer 4

very effective

massive/rapid decline in incidence(1950)

Question 5

impact of vaccines on polio

Answer 5

close to eradication
oral vaccine very effective

aiming to stop transmission e.g. in india

Question 6

vaccines are not available for ….

Answer 6

malaria
tb
HIV
schistosomiasis

Question 7

if the body shows natural immunity - recovers and becomes resistant to re-infection…

Answer 7

then it is feasible to devise a vaccine

e.g. polio, smallpox

Question 8

when is it difficult to devise a vaccine

Answer 8

if the body recovers but is not resistant to re-infection

e.g. HIV, malaria, TB, gonorrhoeae

Question 9

protective responses -antibodies

Answer 9

proteins that circulate in the blood - produced by B-lymphocytes
orchestrate immune response

bind to toxins, viruses or bacteria
neutralise or promote their clearance

Question 10

4 types of vaccines

Answer 10

live attenuated
killed
sub-unit
naked DNA

Question 11

live, attenuated vaccines

Answer 11

living but cannot cause disease
induce variety of immune responses
potential for reversion - virus becomes virulent again

Question 12

examples of live attenuated vaccines

Answer 12

BCG
polio
yellow fever
typhoid
smallpox

Question 13

why do live attenuated vaccines not cause disease

Answer 13

many reasons not known

some contain mutation in genome preventing them causing disease

Question 14

how are killed vaccines created

Answer 14

killed by heating or exposure to chemicals e.g. formaldehyde

Question 15

limitations of killed vaccines

Answer 15

more reactive
dont protect against inhaled infection
never contain V-antigen

Question 16

killed vaccine

Answer 16

vaccine from dead microorganisms

generally used to provide immunization from organisms that are too virulent to be used in the living state

Question 17

sub-unit vaccines

Answer 17

fragments of the microorganism e.g. proteins/poysccharides

Question 18

examples of sub unit vaccines

Answer 18

diptheria
tetanus
anthrax
new plague

Question 19

formation of subunit vaccines

Answer 19

identify key protective component
isolate genes encoding these components
produce component using genetic engineering

e.g. F1 and V-antigens

Question 20

advantages of sub-unit vaccines

Answer 20

reproducible
specific - target immune response to specific antigen
not very reactive
pure components - few side effects

Question 21

disadvantages of sub-unit vaccines

Answer 21

lack of CD8 response

Question 22

naked DNA vaccines

Answer 22

fragments of DNA - makes protein after injection

Question 23

process of DNA vaccines

Answer 23

inject piece of DNA that codes for the protein
taken up by muscle cells
transcribed/translated
protein produced by your own cells
induction of CD8 T cell response

Question 24

advantages of naked DNA vaccines

Answer 24

combine advantages from live and sub-unit vaccines
e.g. reproducible, specific etc
work well in mice and horses

Question 25

what type of vaccine works against West Nile fever for horses

Answer 25

naked DNA vaccine

Question 26

naked DNA vaccine against fish

Answer 26

used against haematopoetic necrosis

Question 27

disadvantage of naked DNA vaccines

Answer 27

dont work well in humans

Question 28

bioterrorism definition

Answer 28

deliberate dispersal of toxic agents to kill man and/or to destroy livestock/crops and disrupt the food chain

Question 29

biological warfare

Answer 29

used in war against towards armed forces to attack and gain strategic advantages

Question 30

features of bioterrorism

Answer 30

used against civilian populations state sponsored or extremist groups terrorism

Question 31

key properties of bio-threat agents

Answer 31

potency cheap easy to produce difficult to attribute

Question 32

potency of bio-threat agent depends on..

Answer 32

infectious dose | airborne stability

Question 33

what effects airborne stability of bio-threat agent

Answer 33

UV radiation rainfall airborne chemicals temperature

Question 34

how do you measure potency

Answer 34

relative scale | chlorine is 1

Question 35

are bio-threat agents cheap

Answer 35

yes | much cheaper that nuclear weapons

Question 36

are bio-threat agents easy to produce

Answer 36

yes bacteria are much more simple to culture than viruses e.g. cultivation of anthrax spores in WWII using marmite, molasses and simple salts

Question 37

you dont always know if bio-threat agents are an attack

Answer 37

could be deliberate, accidental or naturally occurring

Question 38

why would smallpox be a good bio-threat agent

Answer 38

infectious virus lethal people arent vaccinated against it anymore

Question 39

why would plague be a good bio-threat agent

Answer 39

very potent bacteria | high mortality rate

Question 40

good fungi for bio-threat agents

Answer 40

coccidomycosis wheat stem rust rice blast fungus

Question 41

good toxins for bio-threat agents

Answer 41

botulism toxin | ricin toxin

Question 42

good bacteria for bio-threat agents

Answer 42

anthrax plague meliodosis

Question 43

good viruses for bio-threat agents

Answer 43

smallpox ebola inflluenza

Question 44

1950 treaty

Answer 44

uk signed treaty banning biological weapons

Question 45

airborne hazard 1981

Answer 45

foot and mouth disease outbreak plume virus from pig farms in brittany affected jersey and isle of wight due to prevailing winds

Question 46

1987 markov assassination

Answer 46

umbrella containing 'ricin' causing high fever, gastroenteritis and death

Question 47

control measures against bioterrorism

Answer 47

prohibition of weapon acquisition and production defense capability control export of pathogens, technologies and equipment security of premises with CL3 and CL4 laboratories vetting of staff

Question 48

defence capabilities

Answer 48

detectors and identification equipment vaccines and treatments for disease respirators and protective clothing