stuff from saskias Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
fluorescence dilution
A
tracks non-replicating persisters
2
Q
fluorescence dilution
A
tracks non-replicating persisters
3
Q
lack of FD (fluorescence stays same) shows…
A
lack of replication of cells
4
Q
persisters are produced by a …….. process
A
stochastic
5
Q
persisters do not grow in the presence of …..
A
antibiotics
6
Q
persisters are …….
A
genetically identical
phenotypic variants
7
Q
antitoxins
A
unstable
degrade to liberate the toxin (toxin action can causes cell arrest)
8
Q
HicA and HicB
A
HicA causes growth arrest in E.Coli
HicB restores growth
9
Q
single-cell analysis
A
microscopy
flow cell & cytometry
microfluids
10
Q
treating persisters
A
reduce concentration of antibiotics
11
Q
turbidity
A
optical density of a fluid (cloudiness)
12
Q
temperature dry weight is achieved at
A
100-108 degrees
13
Q
dry weight is ……… of wet weight
A
20-30%
14
Q
counter stains
A
produce contrasting background
e.g. safranin
15
Q
immersion oil
A
increases resolving power
16
Q
fermentation of sugars
A
lactic acid production
allows measure of pH change
17
Q
Ampicillin
A
B-lactam
18
Q
Kanamycin
A
aminoglycoside
19
Q
heterofermentative
A
produces lactic acid and sugar (mannitol)
20
Q
buffers maintain…
A
pH
osmolarity
21
Q
MRS agar
A
favours growth of lactobacilli
22
Q
Bromocresol is yellow at…
A
23
Q
bromocresol is …… at >pH6.8
A
purple
24
Q
how is MIC measured
A
broth dilution method
25
higher turbidity
more resistance
| more bacteria/growth
26
ribose sugar is found in..
RNA
27
bacteriolytic
destruction of bacteria by antibiotic
28
macrolide binding site
large ribosomal subunit
| upper part of nascent peptide exit tunnel
29
fluoroquinolones target
DNA gyrase
30
fluoroquinolones enter bacteria by...
diffusion into gram +ve bacteria
via outer membrane prions - gram -ve
31
fluoroquinolones are...
bacteriocidal
| synthetic
32
cephalosporins are....
```
broad-spectrum
semi-synthetic
beta-lactam
derived from mould cephalosporium
similar to penicillins
```
33
cephalosporins interfere with...
bacterial cell wall synthesis
34
antivirulence strategies offer....
a reduced selection pressure for drug resistant mutations
35
UPEC
uropathogenic E.Coli
36
exfoliation of cells (UPEC)
clears infection and promotes dissemination
37
lack of FD (fluorescence stays same) shows...
lack of replication of cells
38
persisters are produced by a ........ process
stochastic
39
persisters do not grow in the presence of .....
antibiotics
40
persisters are .......
genetically identical
| phenotypic variants
41
antitoxins
unstable
| degrade to liberate the toxin (toxin action can causes cell arrest)
42
HicA and HicB
HicA causes growth arrest in E.Coli
| HicB restores growth
43
single-cell analysis
microscopy
flow cell & cytometry
microfluids
44
treating persisters
reduce concentration of antibiotics
45
turbidity
optical density of a fluid (cloudiness)
46
temperature dry weight is achieved at
100-108 degrees
47
dry weight is ......... of wet weight
20-30%
48
counter stains
produce contrasting background
| e.g. safranin
49
immersion oil
increases resolving power
50
fermentation of sugars
lactic acid production
| allows measure of pH change
51
Ampicillin
B-lactam
52
Kanamycin
aminoglycoside
53
heterofermentative
produces lactic acid and sugar (mannitol)
54
buffers maintain...
pH
| osmolarity
55
MRS agar
favours growth of lactobacilli
56
Bromocresol is yellow at...
less than pH5.2
57
bromocresol is ...... at >pH6.8
purple
58
how is MIC measured
broth dilution method
59
higher turbidity
more resistance
| more bacteria/growth
60
ribose sugar is found in..
RNA
61
bacteriolytic
destruction of bacteria by antibiotic
62
macrolide binding site
large ribosomal subunit
| upper part of nascent peptide exit tunnel
63
fluoroquinolones target
DNA gyrase
64
fluoroquinolones enter bacteria by...
diffusion into gram +ve bacteria
via outer membrane prions - gram -ve
65
fluoroquinolones are...
bacteriocidal
| synthetic
66
cephalosporins are....
```
broad-spectrum
semi-synthetic
beta-lactam
derived from mould cephalosporium
similar to penicillins
```
67
cephalosporins interfere with...
bacterial cell wall synthesis
68
antivirulence strategies offer....
a reduced selection pressure for drug resistant mutations
69
UPEC
uropathogenic E.Coli
70
exfoliation of cells (UPEC)
clears infection and promotes dissemination
71
T3SS and T6SS
inject proteins
| manipulate actin cytoskeleton
72
genes in faecal extract inhibit
salmonella growth
73
synergistic drugs suppress...
susceptible populations more than single drug therapies do
74
stages of phage infection
```
1 - adsorption to receptor
2 - DNA injection
(peptidoglycan degradation and pore formation)
3 - assembly of phage particles
4 - bacterial cell lysis
5 - virions released
```
75
increase in MIC =
resistance
76
if MIC is less than/equal to breakpoint then
bacteria is susceptible to antibiotic
77
narrow spectrum agent (re. MIC)
low MIC for only a few bacterial types
78
antibiotic resistance genes are present on...
plasmids and chromosomes
79
streptomycin
aminoglycoside
| protein synthesis inhibitor - targets 30S subunit
80
what modifies streptomycin
phosphotransferase
81
RNS family
reactive nitrogen species
| no drug efflux pumps
82
MRSA
SSCmec gene
83
competence proteins
mediate natural transformation
84
conjugation
resistant gene moves with replication plasmid
85
resistance gene integrated along with phage DNA
transduction
86
vertical transmission via..
mitosis
87
transfer via mature cells
horizontal transmission
88
cause of antibiotic resistance
horizontal transmission
89
mecA
variant penicillin binding protein has lower affinity for B-lactam
90
cause of B-lactam resistance
mecA protein causes lower affinity for b-lactam
91
mannose receptor
receptor for PRRs
mediates phagocytosis
no inflammatory response
92
what uses mannose receptor
virulent strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis
93
how do L.pneumophilia survive in macrophages
by not progressing past an early endosome
94
how do S.typhimurium survive in macrophages
by not progressing into phagolysosome
95
how do M.tuberculosis survive in macrophages
by not progessing into late endosome
96
TLRs recognise
bacteria in vesicles
97
NLRs have
nucelotide binding oligomerisation domain
| LRRs
98
listeriolysin
virulence factor
helps listeria enter cells
allows listeria to escape phagosome to cytoplasm
99
Salmonella use TLRs to...
find protective niche
| then secrete proteins to cause further damage
100
properties of M.tuberculosis phagosome
vacuolar H+ATPase
inefficient lumenal acidification
few mature lysosomal hydrolyses
101
T3SS in macrophages cause
cell death
| pyroptosis
102
pyroptosis
inflammatory cell death
occurs after infection with intracellular pathogens
rapid cell membrane rupture
103
steps of autophagy
```
isolation membrane sac forms
autophagosome forms (double membraned)
outer membrane fuses with lysosome
autolysosome
degradation of contents
```
104
xenophagy
autophagy targeting intracellular pathogens
105
autophagy of damaged mitochondria
mitophagy
106
aggrephagy
autophagy of protein aggregates
107
LC3 gene is responsible for ...
autophagy
| recruits phagosomal membrane
108
what represses autophagy
T3SS
109
Burkholderia pseudomallei
gram -ve
rod-shaped
found in soil and water
causes melioidosis disease
110
listeria autophagy pathways
persistant infection
| successful fusion with lysosome
111
listeria produces LLO
helps them enter cell and escape phagosome
112
virulence genes maintain integrity of ....
scv - salmonella containing vesicle
113
TLR signalling prevents acidification of ...
scv
114
when pH of scv decreases
no salmonella replication
115
ubiquitination tags..
proteins for proteasomal degradation
116
Burkholderia autophagy
1 - phagosome and lysis
2 - phagosome builds tail and escapes
3 - phagosomal escape and autophagy starts again - lysis
117
shigella flexneri evades degradation by ....
inducing cell death
118
phagocytes present antigens to...
T helper cells
119
CD8 present to
MHC I
120
CD4 present to
MHC II
121
MHC I killing pathways
via perforin
| CD95 pathway
122
perforin pathway
pores allow granzymes to enter
123
which molecules present longer peptides
MHC II molecules
124
co-stimulation needed for...
CD4 T cell recognition
125
Th1 produces cytokines
IL-2
IFN-gamma
TNF-alpha
126
perforin and CD95 pathways both lead to
apoptosis
127
cytokines activate
B cells
| turn into plasma cells
128
B cells
turn into plasma cells
| produce specific antiviral antibodies
129
naked DNA vaccine
DNA makes proteins after injection
130
examples of live vaccines
BCG
typhoid
yellow fever
smallpox
131
genetic plasticity
the ability of one genotype to produce more than one phenotype when exposed to different environments
