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Medical Micro > new facts for jan > Flashcards

new facts for jan Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

environmental reservoir of infection

A

the habitat in which the agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies

could be the source from which the agent is transferred to the host

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2
Q

chemoprophylaxis

A

the use of drugs to control disease

antibiotics

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3
Q

vector control

A

controlling the animal that transmits the disease

eg. mosquito for malaria

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4
Q

define biofilm

A

matrix-associated microbial populations adherent to each other and/or to surfaces or interfaces

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5
Q

chracteristics of primary fungal pathogens

A 
route of infection = inhalation 
localised pneumonia
healthy host
asymptomatic
progress to pulmonary dissemination
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6
Q

histoplasma

blastomyces dermatidis

A

primary fungal pathogen
thermally dimorphic
geographically limited - endemic regions - travellers can get after they come back

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7
Q

candida

A

most common fungal etiological agent in immunocompromised
4th most causative agent of nosocomial infections (Gordon Brown 2012)
azole resistance

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8
Q

apergillus mortality rate

A

60-90%

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9
Q

emergence of HIV

A

increasing the immunocompromised population

now 33 million people living with AIDS

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10
Q

ageing population

A

increases the immunocompromised therefore more people susceptible to opportunistic pathogens

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11
Q

bacterial adaptation to cold requires

A

structural flexiibilty

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12
Q

bacterial adaptations for survival

A

mutations
acquired resistance
passed down generations
selection pressures

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13
Q

gene expression changes bacterial

A

surface chemistry

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14
Q

gram -ve biofilm

A

vibrio haemolyticus

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15
Q

gram -ves are often naturally resistance to

A

penicillin

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16
Q

lipopolysaccharides can be more or less

A

water resistant

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17
Q

incidence of a disease depends on…

A

the pathogen

individual susceptibility

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18
Q

how does Histoplasma capsulatum cause host damage

A

spores inhaled from faeces in soil
form budding yeast cells in the lungs
causes coughing symptoms
can disseminate

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19
Q

effect of fever

A

heat inactivates many viruses

secretion of interferons

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20
Q

Neisseria meningitidis adherence factors

A

Adhesin complex protein (ACP)

FBP

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21
Q

cytotoxin example

Study These Flashcards
A

tetanus

causes skeletal muscle spasms e.g. lockjaw

22
Q

how do infections spread after establishment

Study These Flashcards
A

through bloodstream and lymphatics

23
Q

Rabies virus

Study These Flashcards
A

produces P protein
JAK/STAT blocker
blocks phosphorylation of IRF3

rabies competes with host RNA
impairs neural function

body produces NO - acts as a toxin against body and attacks nervous tissue
(2004 Tara K Harper)

24
Q

educational control strategies

Study These Flashcards
A

campaigns e.g. catch it, bin it, kill it
influenza
2013

25
vector control
malaria | dengue
26
surveillance of emerging infections
vital for early identification of public health threats
27
new technology allows rapid molecular identifaction
important for emerging infections | e.g. pandemic H1N1 influenza
28
guidlines for sterilisation and disinfection of invasive devices used in surgery have been developed (P.Patterson 2009)
e.g. catheter associated UTI guidlines - 2009
29
commensal gut microbiota
promote mucosal barrier and enhance innate immune resposne
30
biofilms can cause infections in blood and tissues
``` bacteremia UTI pneumonia bacterial vaginosis endocartidis ``` 65% infections biofilm related act as reservoirs of contamination/infection
31
biofilm resistance
require higher dose of antibiotics cells are hidden from antibody or complement factor recognition due to exopolysaccharide matrix higher persister population e..g pseudomonas aeruginosa
32
pseudomonas aeruginosa
biofilm bacteria MIC and MBC hard to reach as much up to 1000x higher than planktonic counterparts therefore much more difficult to eradicate
33
treatment of biofilm infection if no foreign body present
long term treatment - high doses | combination of different antibiotics with different killing mechanisms
34
treatment of biofilm infection with foreign body present
removal of material necessary
35
quorum sensing in biofilms
used by bacteria to coordinate gene expression according to their density used as a target
36
current research into biofilms
strategies to increase the efficacy of antimicrobials | use of bacteriophages
37
examples of biofilm forming bacteria
gram +ve = listeria monocytogenes gram -ve = vibrio haemolyticus
38
listeria monocytogenes
gram +ve rod-shaped causes listeriosis attaches to food-contact surfaces - problems in food industry makes biofilms disperses cells in final stage as a source of contamination
39
staphylococcus aureus
``` gram +ve dangerous virulence can cause pneumonia and meningitis by 1960, 80% of antibiotics were resistant induces keratinocyte autophage ```
40
mrsa
methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus
41
methicillin resistance mechanism
methicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic - broken down by beta-lactamases staphylococcus contains cassette chromosomes - mecA - mobile genetic elements altered penicillin binding protein (PBP') has lower binding affinity so methicillin doesnt bind to the PBP therefore the transpep
42
adaptations to ocean conditions
small genomes but rich in AT to reduce N-demand microbial seas have low nutrient concentration adapt to be oligotrophs e. g. pelagibacter ubique - SAR11 gene converts global primary production back to CO2
43
how does salmonella enterica evade immune resposne
uses O2 free radicals for respiration recognised by TLRs and hijacks them to enter protective niche - Salmonella Containing Vacuole (modified phagosome) T3SS 1 and 2 secrete effector proteins pH of vacuole lowered prevents fusion with lyososme
44
how does listeria monocytogenes evade immune system
secrete listeriolysin extracellularly lower pH causes more listeriolysin production phagosome ruptures bacteria now intracellular and can spread recruits actin tails for movement
45
outline recognition of bacterial pathogens by professional phagoctyes
PRRs e.g. NLR/TLR recognise pathogen by their PAMPS PAMPs can lead to NF-kappaB activation (required for phagocytosis of Staph. aureus) opsonins e.g. antibodies act as attachment sites and mediate recognition as they coat the particles - often clathrin independent cytokines are produced in response to recognition e.g. chemokines and interleukins which recruit more phagocytes and can stimulates inflammation
46
methods used by professional phagocytes to tackle intracellular bacterial pathogens
phagocytosis - recognition, engulfment, degradation secretion of ROS/NOS - degrade extracellular matrix and lipid mediators of inflammation
47
what mediates bacterial engulfment by phagocytes
actin-myosin contractile system
48
what happens once bacteria has been engulfed by phagocyte
pH of phagosome drops - more acidic and more hostile for bacteria phagosome matures and binds with lysosome rich in hydrolytic enzymes eg. lysozyme - antimicrobial lysozyme hydrolyses links in peptidoglycan which is in gram+Ve cell walls causes cell lysis damage signal recruits more immune cells
49
granulocytes
a white blood cell with secretory granules in its cytoplasm, e.g. an eosinophil or a basophil
50
intrinsic resistance
when resistance genes are naturally encoded and expressed by all (or almost all) strains of that particular bacterial species. e.g. gram -ve bacteria against vancomycin
51
how do drug efflux pumps drive the acquisition of additional resistance mechanisms
they lower the intracellular antibiotic concentration | they promote mutation accumulation within the cell

Medical Micro (10 decks)

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