Lec 17 Flashcards

(44 cards)

1
Q

Pest

A

An organism that damages crops that are valuable to humans

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2
Q

Weed

A

Any plant that competes with crops

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3
Q

The categorization of pests and weeds is

A

Subjective

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4
Q

Pesticide

A

A poison that targets pests

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5
Q

Herbicide

A

Poison that kills weeds

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6
Q

Insecticide

A

A poison that kills insects

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7
Q

Fungicides

A

A poison that kills fungi

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8
Q

Inorganic pesticides contain

A

Usually contain arsenic, copper, lead, or mercury

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9
Q

Inorganic pesticides are

A

Highly persistent in terrestrial environments

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10
Q

Organic pesticides are extracted from

A

Organisms like plants or fungi when naturally produced or they can be synthetically produced

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11
Q

Natural organic pesticides

A

Nicotine

Caffeine

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12
Q

Synthetic organic pesticides

A

Methylmercury, DDT, chlordane, glyphosate

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13
Q

Biological pesticides

A

A type of Biological control that uses other organisms to kill or remove pest organisms

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14
Q

Biological pesticides example

A

Bt-crops

Use of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to kill insects

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15
Q

Pesticides

Human Health

A

Human health quality of life is increased thanks to some pesticides

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16
Q

5 diseases that can be controlled through pesticides

A

Malaria

Yellow fever

West Nile virus

Sleeping sickness

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17
Q

Most effective way to control disease from vector organisms

A

Remove the vectors

Most are spread from insects, use insecticides

Remove breeding grounds for vectors (eg. wetland for mosquitos)

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18
Q

Why do we use pesticides

Agriculture

A

Modern agriculture exists in part because of pesticides

Even with crops, NA loses 37% of all food and crop production from pests

19
Q

How commercial agriculture uses pesticides

A

Most pesticide use targets weeds (herbicide)

20
Q

Canola pesticide

A

99 percent of all canola is treated with herbicides to reduce weeds

21
Q

Roundup ready crops

A

Genetically modified strains of crops that are resistant to glyphosate, used to kill a wide range of weeds

22
Q

Goods of roundup ready crops

A

Spray the field, kill the weeds, keep the crops

23
Q

Bad of roundup ready crops

A

Non-target toxicity, evolution of resistance by weeds, economic monopoly on seeds by Monsanto

24
Q

Roundup ready crops potential concerns and problems

A

Roundup Ready crops may crossbreed with weeds to produce glyphosate-resistant weeds

Roundup ready plant tissue may be toxic to other organisms in the surrounding ecosystem

Economic monopoly on these crops by a single company: Monsanto

25
Environmental impacts of pesticides Non-target organism impacts
Pesticides often kill organisms other than the target
26
Organochlorines
Bioaccumulation and biomagnification from producers to fourth level consumers
27
Direct impacts of pesticides on organisms
Physical harm or death
28
Indirect impacts of pesticides on organisms
Affecting the quality of eggs
29
Evolution of resistance
Pests eating plants Pesticide application Resistant individuals individuals survive Pests of next generation survive application Pesticide application Resistant individuals continue to reproduce
30
Evolutionary solution to pesticide adaptation
Refugia
31
Refugia
Separating resistant and non-resistant parasites and only applying pesticide treatments to the resistant group so that the resistance does not spread
32
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
The use of multiple techniques to achieve long-term suppression of pests
33
IPM includes
Bio-controls (biological controls) Pest-resistant crops Habitat alteration Better pest monitoring Strategic use of pesticides
34
Bio-controls
Using organisms to eliminate pests
35
Bio controls Predators
Ladybugs to control aphids
36
Bio controls Parasites
Parasitoid wasps to control many pest insects
37
Pathogens Bio-controls
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease to control rabbits in Australia and New Zealand
38
Habitat alteration includes
Removing or altering the habitat of the pest
39
Strategic use of pesticides
Use as a method of last resort Try to use botanically-derived compounds
40
Malaria symptoms
Headache Fatigue Pain Back pain Chills Sweating Dry cough Spleen enlargement Nausea Vomiting
41
Problem with anti-malarial medication
Mosquitoes are evolving
42
Mosquitoes evolution
Anti-malarial medication resistance is increasing Insecticide resistance is increasing Climate change is increasing mosquito habitat
43
Possible solution o mosquito evolution
Bring back DDT
44
IPM method approach to malaria
Use multiple pesticides, with multiple modes of action Use other IPM methods, all combined