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Lec 22 Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Total plastic waste in 2015

A

448 million tons

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2
Q

Plastics

A

Polymers made by long linking chains of monomers

Very strong chains and difficult to dispose of

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3
Q

Carbon emissions vs plastic production

A

Plastic production is catching up

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4
Q

Plastic cycle

A

The continuous and complex movement of plastic materials between different abiotic and biotic ecosystem compartments, including humans

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5
Q

Global production, use and fate of plastics

A

Primary production

in-use stocks (primary)

Recycled( Secondary)

Discarded or incinerated

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6
Q

Plastic mostly comes from

A

Packaging

Consumer items

Construction

Automotives

Electrical

Agriculture

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7
Q

Largest plastic production

A

China

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8
Q

Effects on wildlife

A

Increased levels of plastic ingestion

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9
Q

Greater shearwater and plastic

A

Starvation due to gastrointestinal obstruction

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10
Q

Bigeye tuna plastic

A

Ingestion of plastic fragments

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11
Q

Fur seal and plastic

A

Bioaccumulation of particulate plastic from prey fish

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12
Q

Australia sea lion plastic

A

Entanglement- caused mortality

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13
Q

Mussel

plastic

A

Accumulation of microplastics in circulatory system

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14
Q

Plastic effects on us over time

A

Has been linked to infertility, inflammation and cancer, but health outcomes are unknown

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15
Q

Pathways of microplastic pollution at different levels of organization

subcellular

A

Oxidative damage

Altered gene expression

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16
Q

Pathways of microplastic pollution at different levels of organization

cellular

A

Elevated antioxidant responses

Altered cellular division

Apoptosis

Stress response

Altered fatty acid metabolism

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17
Q

Pathways of microplastic pollution at different levels of organization

Individuals

A

Altered feeding

Increased metabolic demand

Reallocation of energy reserves

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18
Q

Pathways of microplastic pollution at different levels of organization

Population

A

Reduced growth

Decreased reproductive output

Reduced offspring viability

Population decline

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19
Q

Uptake and possible trophic transfer of plastic pollution in marine food webs

nanoplastics

A

affects bacteria, plankton, larvae, sediment and all other higher trophic levels

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20
Q

Uptake and possible trophic transfer of plastic pollution in marine food webs

Microplastics

A

Plankton, larvae, fish, seabirds and all higher trophic levels

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21
Q

Uptake and possible trophic transfer of plastic pollution in marine food webs

Mesoplastics

Study These Flashcards
A

Fish, seabirds, turtles, marine mammals and higher trophic levels

22
Q

Uptake and possible trophic transfer of plastic pollution in marine food webs

Macroplastics

Study These Flashcards
A

Marine mammals, turtles and top predators

23
Q

We must consider the plastic cycle like

Study These Flashcards
A

Any other biogeochemical cycle

24
Q

Nanoparticle

Study These Flashcards
A

A particle smaller than one micrometer in diameter across their widest dimension

25
Microparticle
A particle between 1-5k micrometers in size
26
Microplastics everywhere
high amounts have not only been found at sea or at beaches, but also in rivers and soils around the world.
27
Sources and fate of micro- and nano plastics in the environment
Secondary sources (disposed plastics) Primary sources (plastics from industrial application) Microplastics release toxic additives Microplastics are broken down into nanoplastics contamination and cause contamination of food chain
28
Routes of plastic particles entry into human body
Ingestion of plastic particles Inhalation of airborne plastic particles Skin contact of plastic particles
29
Plastic teabags
Release billions of microparticles and nanoparticles into tea
30
Microbeads (=microparticles)
Usually made of polyethylene or can be made of other plastics or glass They do not degrade
31
Microbeads can be found in
Personal care applications
32
Microbeads and wildlife
Easily ingested by filter feeders Are not digested Can pass undigested and up the food chain If large enough can accumulate in the gut
33
Microbeads are too small and lightweight to
Be removed by standard wastewater treatments
34
Microplastics and wildlife fish
49/64 anchovies had microplastics Mostly polyethylene and polypropylene Most particles were broken from larger pieces These are food species, meaning people ingest them
35
Plastic can absorb toxins
Can absorb and bioaccumulate them Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Pyrene (hepatoxin) and Chrysene (Carcinogen) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs- endocrine disruptor)
36
Plastic fibers
Similar issue to that of microbeads Consumed by filter feeders, can move up food webs Do not degrade More diffuse source: clothing
37
Degraded plastics
UV light can degrade it into smaller pieces These pieces can sometimes aggregate, and potentially precipitate out
38
Benthic organisms
Can influence the partitioning of microplastics between water columns and sediments
39
Look for ingredients such as
Polyethylene (PE) Polypropylene (PP) Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) Nylon (PA)
40
Buying merino wool
Has antimicrobial properties Is also soft and lightweight
41
Caring for your clothing
Use liquid detergent instead of powder Wash cold instead of warm Gentle cycle instead of heavy duty Air dry instead of dryer
42
Cooperation across sectors Governance
Legislation Regulation Incentives Education
43
Cooperation across sectors Producers
Burden of proof Best practices Investment Better materials
44
Cooperation across sectors Consumers
Reduce reuse recycle Responsible disposal Awareness cleanup
45
Cooperation across sectors Research
Marine science Health science Environmental science Citizen and social science
46
Cooperation across sectors Waste management
Integrated management Litter capture and removal Zero waste Use as resource
47
Accumulation of plastic during covid 19
PPEs required more plastic Individual lockdowns also required more plastic
48
Types of plastics that were in demand Most to least
Packaging Construction Med and industry Auto Tech Home Agriculture
49
Plastic based biochemical wastes
Syringes Surgical masks Disposal blades Face shields Latex gloves Surgical and isolation gowns Shoes covers Sanitizer containers Waterproof aprons
50
Plastic Covid 19 Waste dumps
Caused an excessive load on waste dumps, and landfills, overwhelming their capacity Lead to tremendous space constraints and leaching of harmful chemicals Uncapped collection and transportation of virus infected wastes over such a long distance is dangerous for public health
51
3Rs is
Not working properly
52
Improving reuse and recycle
Chemical recycling and mechanical recycling to create fuels, road construction materials and cement bricks

bio 381 (21 decks)

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