Lec 4/5

Question 1

Deep time

Answer 1

Geological or cosmic time (millions/billions of years)

Question 2

Deep time effects

Answer 2

Natural selection can occur as variable selective pressures arise

Question 3

Extant variables are results of

Answer 3

Long history of adaptation

Question 4

Geological timescale includes

Answer 4

Precambrian

Paleozoic

Mesozoic

Cenozoic

Question 5

Paleozoic includes

Answer 5

Cambrian

Silurian

Devonian

Carboniferous

Question 6

Mesozoic includes

Answer 6

Triassic

Jurassic

Cretaceous

Question 7

Selected factors (3)

Answer 7

Continental drifts

Atmospheric oxygen levels

Potentials for speciation

Question 8

Continental drifts

Answer 8

Landmass of the Earth move substantially over geological time

Question 9

Plate tectonics

Answer 9

Crusts of the Earth move and collide to reshape to Earth’s landscape

Question 10

Continental drifts cause

Answer 10

Changes of oceanic circulation

This transports heat, temp, nutrients etc.

Question 11

Changes in eustatic sea level cause

Answer 11

Land bridges to be exposed

Question 12

Continental drifts cause the formation of a

Answer 12

Epicontinental seaway ( sea on the continent)

Question 13

Atmospheric oxygen level

Answer 13

Key element creating ATP through aerobic cellular respiration

Contributor to growth/ development

Can be toxic

Question 14

Atmospheric oxygen level changes causes

Answer 14

Vertebrates to need to adapt in order to survive

Question 15

Speciation

Answer 15

Formation of barriers to gene flow between populations

Question 16

Types of speciation

Answer 16

Allopatric

Sympatric

Question 17

Allopatric speciation

Answer 17

Physical isolation of populations

Question 18

Vicariance

Answer 18

Geographic separation

Question 19

Dispersal

Answer 19

Separate by migration

Question 20

Sympatric speciation

Answer 20

Isolation of gene flow in population without physical barrier

Question 21

Precambrian climate

Answer 21

Low atmospheric oxygen level early on

Increased but fluctuated significantly later on

Question 22

Precambrian fauna

Answer 22

Cyanobacteria
No known vertebrate

Question 23

Cambrian climate

Answer 23

Atmospheric oxygen level (~13%)

Question 24

Cambrian fauna

Answer 24

Earliest vertebrates

Fewer in number

Question 25

Silurian

Answer 25

Three global climate periods Major glaciation events Sea level fluctuated

Question 26

Silurian is known for

Answer 26

The origin of jaws

Question 27

Origins of jaws

Answer 27

Mostly developed from gill arches Fossil fishes with preserved jaws

Question 28

Devonian climate

Answer 28

Annual mean temp 30 degrees Oxygen less soluble in marine

Question 29

Devonian evolution

Answer 29

Fin-to-limb transition

Question 30

Carboniferous climate

Answer 30

Atmospheric oxygen level increased, peaked at about 30 percent

Question 31

Carboniferous evolution

Answer 31

Presence of ancestral amniotes (stem members of Reptiliomorpha)

Question 32

Triassic landmass

Answer 32

Supercontinent formed

Question 33

Triassic climate

Answer 33

Atmospheric oxygen level started low (12 percent), recovered to normal by the mid Triassic Extensive vocalic activity Global temperature is relatively high

Question 34

Triassic evolution

Answer 34

Recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction Diversification of amniotes Transformation of mammalian middle ear Return to sea

Question 35

Jurassic landmass

Answer 35

Supercontinent spited into Laurasia and Gondwana

Question 36

Jurassic climate

Answer 36

Atmospheric oxygen level climbed above 21 percent Somewhat humid, somewhat tropical

Question 37

Jurassic evolution

Answer 37

Possible origin of crown group amphibians Origin of the feather Presence of mammalian crown group

Question 38

Cretaceous landmass

Answer 38

Continents continue to separate

Question 39

Cretaceous climate

Answer 39

Somewhat humid somewhat tropical Sea levels elevated

Question 40

Cretaceous evolution

Answer 40

Diversification of non-avian dinosaurs Probable origin of crown birds

Question 41

Cenozoic landmass

Answer 41

Further fragmentation of continents

Question 42

Cenozoic Climate

Answer 42

Temperature peaked at end Eocene, then cooled toward modern day

Question 43

Cenozoic evolution

Answer 43

Diversification of primates