Lec Exam 3 Review Flashcards
1
Q
Preassigned question low calcium
A
2
Q
Preassigned question high calcium
A
3
Q
Functions of the skeletal system
A
-support
- storage of minerals and lipids
-blood cell production
-protection
- leverage-changes in movement
4
Q
# bones in body
A
206
5
Q
Axial skeleton
A
Skull, spine, ribs
6
Q
Appendicular skeleton
A
Limbs, pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle
7
Q
Sutural bones
A
Small flat irregular bones of the skull, have sutural connections
8
Q
Irregular bones
A
Have complex shapes ( short, flat, notched, ridged) ex- vertebrae
9
Q
Short bones
A
Boxy ex-carpals&tarsals
10
Q
Flat bones
A
Thin with parallel surfaces, ex -sternum, ribs scapulae
11
Q
Long bones
A
Arms & leg bones
12
Q
Sesamoid bones
A
Small round flat, develop within tendons of joints near knees, hands, feet
13
Q
Sinus
A
Chamber within bone, normally filled with air
14
Q
Foramen
A
Rounded passage way for blood vessels or nerves
15
Q
Fissure
A
Deep furrow, cleft, or slit
16
Q
Meatus
A
Passage, channel, opening of a canal
17
Q
Canal
A
Duct or channel
18
Q
Process
A
Projection or bump
19
Q
Ramus
A
Part of a bone that forms an angle with the rest of that bone
20
Q
Trochanter
A
Large rough projection
21
Q
Crest
A
Prominent ridge
22
Q
Spine (bone marking)
A
Pointed process
23
Q
Line (bone markin)
A
Low ridge
24
Q
Tubercle
A
Small rounded projection
25
Tuberosity
Rough projection
26
Sulcus
Narrow groove
27
Fossa
Shallow depression
28
Head (bone marking)
Expanded articular end of the epiphysis, often separated from the shaft by a narrower neck
29
Neck (bone markin)
Narrow connection between the epiphysis and diaphysis
30
Facet
Small articular surface
31
Condyle
Smooth rounded articular process
32
Trochlea
Smooth grooved articular process shaped like a pulley
33
Red marrow
Fill spaces between trabeculae, forms RBCs, contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to osteocytes by diffusion
34
Yellow marrow
Found in other parts of spongy bone, stores fat
35
Layers of the bone
Perisoteum
-fibrous
-cellular
Endosteum
36
Periosteum
Membrane that covers the outside of bone
Outer layer-fibrous layer
Inner layer- cellular layer
37
Edosteum
Incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity responsible for bone growth
38
4 types of cells in bone
- osteocytes
-osteoblasts
-osteoclasts
-osteogenic cells
39
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix
40
Osteoblasts
‘Blasts build’
Immature cells that produce new bone matrix during osteogenesis
41
Osteoclasts
‘Catastrophic’ absorb and remove bone matrix
42
Osteogenic cells
Stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts, located in cell layer of periosteum and endosteum, assist in repair
43
Ossification
Bone formation, bone matrix- 2/3 hydroxyapatite, 1/3 collagen
44
2 types of ossification
Endochondral ossification
Intramembranous ossification
45
Endochondral ossification
How most bones form, develops inside hyaline cartilage
46
Intramembranous ossification
Aka dermal ossification, occurs in the deeper layer of the dermis ex clavicle, madible
47
Epiphyseal plate
Aka the growth plate, is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that lies between the epiphysis and metaphysis.
48
Epiphyseal closure
When the bone growth has completed maturity, different bones at different rates latest being 25 yo, and epiphyseal line remains.
49
Appositional growth
Developing bone increases in diameter at the outer surface
50
Bine remodeling
Continuously recycles and renews the organic and mineral components of the bone matrix
Removal>addition=bone loss
Removal
51
Effects of exercise on bones
The more stress on bone the stronger it becomes and bones that are not stressed become weaker
52
Open/compound fracture
Bone breaks through the skin
53
Closed/simple fracture
Are completely internal skin not broken by break.
54
4 steps of fracture repair
1. Fracture hematoma formation- forms large blood clot, establishes fibrous network, bone cells die
2. Callus formation- cells of endosteum and periosteum divide and migrate into fracture zone, callus stabilizes the break
3. Spongy bone formation- osteoblasts replace central cartilage of external callus with spongy bone
4. Compact bone formation-repaired bone maybe slightly thicker and stronger than normal
55
Fracture hematoma formation
Forms large blood clot, establishes fibrous network, bone cells die
56
Callus formation
Cells of the endosteum and periosteum divide and migrate into the fracture zone, calluses stabilize the break
57
Spongy bone formation
Osteoblasts replace central cartilage of external callus with spongy bone
58
Compact bone formation
Repaired bone may be slightly thicker and stronger than normal
59
Osteopenia
Inadequate ossification (reduction of bone mass)
60
Osteoporosis
Severe loss of bone mass, compromises normal function where bones break very easily
61
ossicles (Auditory)
3 tiny bones within each ear, transfer sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the internal ear
62
Sinus
Air filled chambers in the skull
63
Functions of sinus cavities
- decrease weight of the bone
-line with mucous membranes which moisten n clean air
-help with speech production
64
# cervical vert
7
65
# Thoracic v.
12
66
# lumbar v
5
67
C1 name
Atlas
68
C2 name
Axis
69
Bones of pectoral girdle
Clavicles, scapulae
70
Bones of the pelvic girdle
Hip/coxal bone
-illium
-ischium
-pubis
71
Interosseous membrane
A fibrous sheet that connects the ulna to the radius
72
Metacarpals
Long bones in the hands numbering starts at the thumb (pollux)1-pinky 5
73
Thumb finger is called
Pollux
74
Metatarsals
Long bones in the feet numbering starts from big toe ( hallux) 1- pinky toe 5
75
Phalanges
Ends of fingers n toes have proximal, medial, distal 1-5
76
Big toe is called
Hallux
77
3 structural joints
Synarthrosis-immovable
Amphiarthrosis-slightly movable
Diarthrosis- free moving
78
Synarthrosis
immovable joint
79
Amphiarthrosis
-slightly movable joint
80
Diarthrosis
free moving
81
Gomphosis
Is a synarthrosis that binds teeth to the bony sockets connected by the periodontal ligament
82
Synovial joint
Permit wider range of motion, typically located at the ends of long bones
83
Ligament
Are localized thickenings that support strengthen and reinforce joints
84
Tendons
Connect fleshy part of muscle to bone around joint
85
Bursae
Are small thin fluid filled pockets in connective tissues that reduce friction and absorb shock
86
Circumduction
Rotate in a circular motion
87
Lateral rotation
Rotation towards the outside of the body
88
Medial rotation
Rotation towards the inside of the body
89
Supination
Turn to front facing
90
Pronation
Turn to back facing
91
Inversion
Twisting inwards
92
Eversion
Twisting outward
93
Dorsiflexion
Pointing toes up extension of ankle
94
Plantarflexion
Pointing toes down flexion of ankle
95
Opposition
Moving thumb towards palm or other fingers
96
Reposition
Returning to original position
97
Protraction
Movement of body part anteriorly on horizontal plane
98
Retraction
Movement of a body part posteriorly on horizontal plane
99
Depression
Movement towards inferior
100
Elevation
Movement towards superior
101
Lateral flexion
Bending to the side
102
Plane joint
Aka gliding, have slightly flattened or slightly curved surfaces that slide across one another ex claviclosternal joint
103
Hinge joint
Angular motion on a single plane ex knee elbow
104
Condylar joint
Have an oval face nestled in a depression on the opposing surface
105
Saddle joint
Articular faces fit together like rider in saddle ex thumb joint
106
Pivot joint
Permits rotation only ex c1/c2
107
Ball and socket
Round head in a cup shaped depression triaxial ex shoulder, hip
108
Arthritis
Inflammation of joint
109
Osteoarthritis
Degenerative joint disease that occurs from wear n tear of the joint
110
Rheumatoid arthritis
Is an autoimmune disease when an immune response attacks the joint tissues
