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Anatomy 2 > Lect 1 Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lect 1 Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical divisions of Respiratory system

A

Upper respiratory airways/tract
lower respiratory airways/tract
hilum and root of the lung

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2
Q

2 functional portions of resp system

A

Conducting portion

Respiratory portion

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3
Q

Conducting portion

A

Structure: varying levels of wall thickness
Location: portions outside and inside the lung
Function: Conduct and condition (filter , heat, humidify)

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4
Q

Outside lung

A

Nasal cavity to extrapulmonary bronchi

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5
Q

Inside lung

A

bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles

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6
Q

Respiratory portion

A

structure: thin walled for efficient gas exchange
location: ONLY in the lungs
Function: gas exchange

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7
Q

Terminal bronchiole

A

marks end of conducting zone

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8
Q

Location where gas exchange can begin

A

respiratory bronchioles

alveolar ducts and sacs

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9
Q

blood supply

A

has both pulmonary and bronchial circulations

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10
Q

bronchial circulation

A

nutrient arteries
Branches of aorta
-provide nourishment to the CT, walls of the bronchi and bronchioles and pleura

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11
Q

Functional vessels of respiratory system

A

pulmonary veins and arteries

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12
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart
branches travel with the branches of the bronchi and bronchioles down to the capillary level

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13
Q

pulmonary veins

A

blood that is oxygenated at the capillary level is carried in the venules that form veins
four veins return oxygenated blood to the left atrium
DO NOT run with the pulmonary artery
-location: in CT segments in of the lung

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14
Q

Cartilage in respiratory system

A

Hyaline
C-shaped rings in trachea
Plates in bronchi become progressively smaller

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15
Q

Smooth muscle

A

regulates the diameter of airway

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16
Q

CT investments

A

Collagen
Elastic fibers
-Form network that all expansion (limited) and recoil of the lung
-extracellular proteins secreted by fibroblasts that play a major role in lung physiology

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17
Q

Emphysema

A

Characterized by irreversible enlargement of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole and destruction of the walls w/o fibrosis
COPD
Enzymatic degredation of elastin
Most common cause is cigarette smoking

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18
Q

Pleura

A

serous membrane
Based on location
Parietal vs viseral

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19
Q

parietal pleura

A

associated with walls of the body cavity

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20
Q

visceral pleura

A

adheres to and covers the surface of the lung

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21
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Turbinates/ conchae
-Structure: bony shelf like projections lined with pseudostratified epithelium
well vascularized
Function: increase surface area; create turbulent airflow
Location: lateral walls of the nasal cavities

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22
Q

Trachea

A

wall of trachea consists of 3 layers: mucosa, submucosa, adventitia/cartilage

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23
Q

Traceal epithelium

A 
pseudostratified 
5 types of cells
1. Ciliated cells
2. Mucous cells
3. Brush cells 
4. Small granule cells
5. Basal cell
24
Q

Ciliated Cells

A

Maintain level of perciliary fluid (layer of water and electrolytes)
-each cell has 250 cilia that provide coordinated sweeping motion
-forms ‘mucociliary escalator’
clears mucous coat

25
Mucous cells
mucinogen granules in cytoplasm the mucus floats on a serous fluid (perciliary fluid) cilia moves both serous and mucus toward the oral cavit
26
Brush cells
columnar cells with blunt microvilli - basal surface in synaptic contact with afferent nerve ending - receptor cell
27
small granule cells
(enteroendocrine cells) contain secretory granules may function in reflexes
28
basal cell
stem cell for individual cell replacement in epithelium
29
Metaplasia in respiratory system
Pseudostratified epithelium changes to stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium - removal of mucous impaired - excessive mucus secretions in the lumen on resp. tree - marked increase in the size of the mucus secreting glands of the submucosa in the trachea and large bronchi - must cough to clear secretions
30
Pathogenesis of metaplasia
inhaled irritants such as smoking | reversible-if irritant eliminated
31
Bronchi
Mucosa Muscularis submucosa adventitia/cartilage
32
bronchi mucosa
same epithelium cells as trachea
33
bronchi muscularis
regulates diameter of airway
34
bronchi submucosa
glands present
35
bronchi adventitia/cartilage
plates smaller with decreasing diameter
36
Intrapulmonary bronchus
Changes at level of bronchi 1. plates of cartilage instead of rings 2. layer of smooth muscle, found below mucosa layer 3. increasea in elastic fibers
37
Bronchioles
1 mm or less airways Embedded in CT of lung -diameter changes with lung volume subdivided: terminal (conducting) vs respiratory bronchioles (gas exchange) Pseudostratified to simple columnar to simple cuboidal epithelium Gradual changes
38
Recognizable differences at level of bronchioles
Lack cartilage lack submucosal glands thick layer of smooth muscle is present simple cuboidal epithelium: ciliated cells decrease in number and club cells increase in respiratory zone
39
Club cells
aka Clara cells Simple columnar, nonciliated, dome-shaped apical aspect projects into lumen Function: detoxify harmful compounds in the air -Secrete a lipoprotein that prevents luminal adhesion -mitotically active stem cell location: bronchioles
40
Terminal bronchiole
smallest, distal part of conducting portion | epithelium has club cells, and some ciliated cuboidal cells
41
respiratory bronchioles
first gas exchange wall is interrupted with alveoli club cells and some cilia cells (club dominate)
42
Alveoli
sites of gas exchange | Lined Type I & Type II pneumocytes (most important epi cells of the alveolus), occasional brush cells
43
alveolar ducts
smooth muscle disappears at end of duct | elastic and collagen fibers are only support for alveoli
44
alveolar sacs
spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli
45
Type I pneumocytes
Structure: squamous, attenuated cells, many of the organells are clustered around nucleus leaving cytoplasm free for gas exchange Function: provide a barrier of minimal thickness that is optimal for gas exchange Location: occupies 95% of surface area of alveolus
46
Type II pneumocytes
aka septal cells structure: rounded cells, apical cytoplasm contains lamellar bodies location: typically found in 'corners' and occupy 5% of the surface area
47
Function of type II pneumocytes
1. undergo mitosis to regenerate themselves and type I pneumocytes 2. Continuously produce surfactant to prevent collapse of alveoli
48
Interalveolar septum
Two portions: | thick vs thin
49
Thin interalveolar septum
site of air-blood barrier houses capillaries that function in gas exchange no CT
50
Thick interstitium
composed of: collagen, elastic fibers, capillaries, lymphatic vessels, fibroblasts, mast cells, alveolar macrophages
51
Blood-air barrier (respiratory membrane)
4 components - layer of surfactant - alveolar epithelium (type I pneumocyte cytoplasm - fused basement membranes of alveolar cell and the endothelial cell - endothelial cell
52
Type I & II pneumocytes
both have desmosomes and occluding junctions
53
Alveolar pores
aka pores of Kohn functions: equalizing pressure in the alveoli enable collateral ventilation allow macrophage migration
54
Defense mechanisms
nose/trachea mucociliary escalator alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
55
Mucociliary escalator (transport)
Traps and removes debris, bacteria and particales - moves particles and toxic substances from distal to proximal components: 1. cilia 2. serous fluid (periciliary fluid produced by ciliated cells) 3. mucous layer (produced by mucous cells and submucosal glands) 4. alveolar macrophages
56
Alveolar macrophages
dust cells Function in CT and airspaces of alveoli -some pass up the bronchiole tree in mucus to reach pharynx -some migrate to CT where they may stay with particles for the life of the individual -particles in the interstitium increase the likelihood of damage

Anatomy 2 (8 decks)

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