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Anatomy 2 > Lect 3 Urinary System > Flashcards

Lect 3 Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the urinary system

A 
Kidneys 
Ureters
bladder
urethra
Function: conserve body fluid and electrolytes and remove waste
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2
Q

Kidneys

A

produce urine as a filtrate of blood

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3
Q

ureters

A

Paired

connects the kidney to the bladder

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4
Q

bladder`

A

storage area for urine

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5
Q

urethra

A

single

leads from the bladder and delivers urine to outside of the body

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6
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

contains a glomerulus (capillary bed) surrounded by bowman’s capsule

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7
Q

nephron

A

structural and functional unit of the kidney and includes:
Renal corpuscle
series of tubular sections
collecting tubules and ducts

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8
Q

ultrafiltrate

A

filtered substance before modification

fluid that passes through the filtration barrier to the urinary space

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9
Q

filtrate

A

filtered substance during modification

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10
Q

urine

A

filtered substance after modification

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11
Q

hilum

A

concave medial border where the nerves, vessels enter and exit

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12
Q

ureter

A

expands at the hilum forming the renal pelvis

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13
Q

kidney division

A

cortex and medulla

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14
Q

Renal medulla

A

contains 6-18 medullary pyramids

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15
Q

medullary pyramid

A

apex/tip of the pyramid is renal papilla

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16
Q

Renal papilla

A

points toward hilum

perforated dby openings of collecting ducts which empty into minor calyces

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17
Q

major calyx

A

several minor calyces joining together

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18
Q

renal pelvis

A

coming together of major calyces (expanded end of the ureter)

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19
Q

Order of anatomy (out to in)

A

renal papilla->collecting ducts->minor calyces->major calyx->renal pelvis

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20
Q

Corticol columns

A

portion of the cortex that separates neighboring pyramids

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21
Q

Cortical arch

A

cortex of each pyramid

22
Q

Renal lobe

A

each medullary pyramid, its arch and cortical sides

23
Q

medullary rays (cortical structure)

A

contain the collecting ducts - extending from the surface of the cortex toward the medulla

24
Q

Cortex

A

Renal corpuscles

  • proximal convoluted tubules
  • distal tubules
  • collecuting ducts
  • peritubular capillary plexus
25
medulla
=medullary pyramid - thick descending limb (of Henle's loop) - thin limb - thick ascending limb - descending collecting ducts - vasa recta
26
Blood circulation in kidney
Enters renal artery-> branches to segmental arteries-> give rise to interlobar arteries (run between pyramids)-> go to arcuate arteries (along arch)->lead to interlobUlar arteries (run to surface of cortex)
27
Blood path continued (after interlobular)
-> afferent arterioles (passes blood to capillaries of glomerulus)-> empties to efferent arteriole -> goes to either: peritubular capillary plexus (PTCP) or Vasa recta
28
peritubular capillary plexus
a capillary bed that supplies the cortex
29
vasa recta
capillary bed that follows Henle's loop in the medulla
30
deoxygenated blood
Efferent arterioles -> either: PTCP which goes to interlobular veins; or vasa recta -> meet at arcuate veins -> interlobar veins -> branches of renal veins (segmental veins) -> renal vein
31
Nephron components
bw 2-3 million in each kidney includes: renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted and straight tubule , prox straight tubule becomes the thick descending limb in the medulla, thin descending + ascending limbs=loop of henle, distal straight tubule, distal convoluted tubule -> leads to collecting tubule to collecting duct
32
Renal corpuscle
= glomerulus (tufts of caps) + Bowman's capsule found only in cortex includes: urinary space+pole, blood vessels enter and exit at vascular pole
33
Bowmans capsule
visceral layer: epithelial cells are podocytes | parietal layer: epithelial cells are squamous, space between is the urinary space
34
urinary space
space between visceral and parietal layer | drained at urinary pole
35
glomerulus
tufts of capillaries arises from afferent arteriole endothelium of glomerular capillaries has numerous fenestrations
36
efferent arteriole
increased resistance to blood flow - filtrate leaks into space through filtration barrier
37
Podocytes
- visceral layer of bowmans capsule- important for filtration - have a primary process and secondary process (pedicel) and conver most of the capillary by interdigitating with adjacent podocytes
38
Filtration apparatus
podocytes Elongated spaces bw interdigitating processes are filtration slits -covered by a thin membrane call slit diaphragm
39
filtration barrier
filters blood, consists of : pores of the fenestrated capillaries/endothelium, thick basement membrane, filtration slit diaphragm/membrane formed by podocytes
40
Bowman's space
continuous with the lumen of the first renal tubule
41
Proximal tubule
2 regions: convoluted portion (PCT) & Straight portion (pars recta) Structure: simple cuboidal epi w/ microvillus brush border Function: absorbs organic nutrients, ions, h2o and plasma proteins and release them into interstitial fluid/tissue Location: PCT only in the cortex, straight portion enters medulla as a thick descending limb
42
Straight tubule
enters medulla as thick descending limb cuboidal epithelium becomes simple squamous epi deeper in the medulla squamous region is thin limb=loop of henle becomes thicker as it ascends back up becomes distal tubule when it enters the cortex
43
Distal tubule
starts in cortex quickly becomes tortuous and called distal convoluted tubule cells are cuboidal again (no brush border) makes contact with and forms a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) - feedback structure that keeps the filtration rate consistent
44
Juctaglomerular apparatus
JGA Function: monitors filtrate, has an endocrine role Components include: 1. macula densa - cells of distal tubule, tall narrow pale cell with closely packed nuclei-appear as a dense spot in LM 2. Juxtaglomerular cells- modified smooth muscle cells in tunica media of afferent & efferent arterioles - granules contain renin 3. Mesangial cells - bw afferent arterial, efferent arteriole
45
Collecting tubules and ducts
distal convoluted tubule becomes collecting tubule -> empty into collecting ducts Coll ducts modify filtrate and transports it to minor calyces simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium
46
Collecting ducts cell types
``` light cells (principle cells) - involved in water permeability Dark cells or intercalated cells: actively transport and secrete hydrogen ions and/or bicarbonate thus modulating the acid-base balance ```
47
Papillary ducts
Ducts of bellini formed by several medullary collecting ducts sthat converge in the renal papilla - are very large and convey the filtrate to minor calyx - urine travels from minor calyx to the major calyx to the renal pelvis to the ureter - the calyxes, renal pelvis and ureter are lined with transitional epithelium
48
Ureter
- Delivers urine from kidneys to bladder - Mucosa - transitional epithelial lining, lamina propria (CT layer) - Muscularis - smooth muscle if organized into 3 layers - muscle contraction conveys urine towards bladder, valve at base of bladder prevents backflow
49
Urinary bladder
Storage site for urine Mucosa is in folds after voiding (contracted bladder) - with distension the cells of the transitional epithelium become flat due to stretch (stretched bladder) Muscularis- 3 layers Adventitia + serosa - CT w/ elastic fibers
50
Urethra
carries urine from the bladder to external environment male is longer, consists of three segments, most lined with transitional epithelium - portion of the male urethra runs through the prostate gland (carries sperm and urine) Female urethra is strictly a urinary organ (no other function) lined with transitional epithelium

Anatomy 2 (8 decks)

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