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Stats Midterm > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are methods of gaining knowledge about truth and reality?

A

Epistemology

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2
Q

What are the four ways of establishing truth/reality?

A
  1. Faith
  2. Common sense
  3. Logic
  4. Scientific Method
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3
Q

Faith is beliefs based on?

A

Authority

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4
Q

What uses observable evidence, not the testimony of authorities?

A

Science

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5
Q

What are beliefs based on experience and sensory observations?

A

Common Sense

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6
Q

What are beliefs based on formal rules that lead to a conclusion that must be true if the premises are true?

A

Logic

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7
Q

What is a set of empirical analytical and self-critical techniques for establishing facts?

A

scientific method

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8
Q

What technique is based on collected data, measurements and observations?

A

Empirical

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9
Q

What technique is described as complex topics that are broken down into smaller components?

A

Analytical

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10
Q

The scientific method can be described as?

A 
Replicable
Generalizable
Parsimonious
Falsifiable
Dynamic/self correcting
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11
Q

What are the four types of research?

A

Exploratory
Descriptive
Correlational
Explanatory

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12
Q

What type of research develops knowledge in a new area and gets background information to develop new theories for later testing?

A

Exploratory

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13
Q

What type of research describes some behavior, situation or phenomenon?

A

Descriptive

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14
Q

What type of research determines variables that are related to each other or some behavior, situation, or phenomenon?

A

Correlational

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15
Q

Can you infer causation from correlational research?

A

NO

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16
Q

What type of research is used to explain phenomena or behaviors?

A

Explanatory

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17
Q

What type of research is conducted to test, evaluate, or develop theories?

A

Basic Research

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18
Q

What type of research is conducted to meet some practical need?

A

Applied Research

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19
Q

What type of research tries to optimize the interaction of humans and technology?

A

Human Factors Research

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20
Q

What type of research determines how well a program works and assesses needs?

A

Evaluation Research

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21
Q

What are the 2 approaches to research?

A

Ideographic

Nomothetic

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22
Q

What are underlying ststamatic ways that the world functions; the principles under which the universe operates?

A

Laws

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23
Q

What are devleoped to explain a behavior or phenomenon and tentatively try to determine laws; tentative statements of what we think law are?

A

Theories

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24
Q

What are broad models of how to view the world?

A

Paradigms

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25
Q

What is an event that affects the likelihood of another occurring?

A

Soft Determinism (A sometimes causes B)

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26
Q

What event always lead to another?

A

Hard Determinism (A always causes B)

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27
Q

What type of reasoning goes from specific instances to general principles?

A

Inductive

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28
Q

What type of reasoning goes from general principles to specific instances?

A

Deductive

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29
Q

What type of reasoning is used to generate theories from observation?

A

Inductive

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30
Q

What type of reasoning is used to generate research hypotheses from general theories?

A

Deductive

31
Q

What are qualities or quantities that differ between people, groups, or things?

A

Variables

32
Q

What are qualities or quantities that do not differ?

A

Constants

33
Q

What is the term for reducing complex variables to simpler, measurable units?

A

Reductionism

34
Q

What is a clear statement of how a variable is defined in a study so others can understand how the variable was measured?

A

Operational Definition

35
Q

What type of variable has an effect on another variable?

A

Independent Variable

36
Q

What is the type of variable that is affected by the independent variable?

A

Dependent Variable

37
Q

What variable has an effect on another variable?

A

IV

38
Q

What type of IV are actively manipulated assigned or changed by researcher?

A

TRUE IV

39
Q

What type of IV affect DV levels but are only measured not manipulated in a study?

A

Quasi-IV

40
Q

The dependent variable is measured to see if what?

A

The IV has an effect.

41
Q

What are the 3 major types of studies in psychology?

A

Descriptive
Correlational
Experimental

42
Q

What type of study summarizes some behavior, situation or phenomenon?

A

Descriptive

43
Q

What are the 3 major descriptive studies?

A

Case studies
Archival Research
Naturalistic Observation

44
Q

What type of study examines the relations between naturally occurring variables?

A

Correlational

45
Q

What type of study systematically evaluates the effect of the IV on the DV?

A

Experimental

46
Q

What type of experimental study has a MANIPULATED IV?

A

True

47
Q

What type of experimental study has a MEASURED IV?

A

Quasi

48
Q

What is the first step in any study?

A

Literature reivew

49
Q

What is a literature review?

A

Analysis of relevant published infomation

50
Q

What is a small scale study that tests a procedure and materials to be used in a bigger study?

A

Pilot study

51
Q

What do scales of measurement do?

A

describe how a variable was measured

52
Q

What are the 4 scales of measurement?

A

Nominal
Ordinal
interval
ratio

53
Q

Nominal scale has no what?

A

Quantitative properties except IDENTITY*

54
Q

All nominal scales measure what?

A

Categorical or qualitative data with no meaning to the order.

55
Q

What are examples of nominal data?

A 
Team jersey numbers
channels on tv
ethnicity
phone numbers
sex
56
Q

Ordinal scale of measurement is what?

A

Quantitative but can be used for rank ordering

57
Q

In ordinal scale the distance between what is not the same?

A

Categories

58
Q

Ordinal data tells you what?

A

Identity and order but NOT magnitude

59
Q

Examples of ordinal data include?

A

Finsihing places of race

Rank top 10 foods

60
Q

What scale of measurement has the math properties of identity and order?

A

Interval scale of measurement

61
Q

Interval has what properties?

A

Identity, order, and magnitude

62
Q

In interval data the difference between what is meaningful?

A

Numbers

63
Q

How are variables measured with interval data?

A

Continuous or quantitative

64
Q

Interval data lacks what property?

A

Has no absolute/true zero (negative is ok)

65
Q

Examples of interval data include?

A

Temperature

Intelligence

66
Q

In this course we assume that psychological measures or constructs are?

A

Interval/scale

67
Q

What scale of measurement has properties of identity, order, and magnitude and an absolute zero point(can’t be negative)?

A

Ratio

68
Q

Ratio variables are classified as?

A

Continuous

69
Q

What are examples of ratio data?

A

Height/distance
Weight
Scores on midterm

70
Q

What are the 2 major classes of variables in psychology?

A

Qualitative

Quantitative

71
Q

Qualitiative variables represent what?

A

Groups or categories (all nominal variables)

72
Q

Qualitative variables are classified as

A

Categorical/discrete

73
Q

Quantitative variables represent what?

A

properties that follow along a continuum.

74
Q

What types of variables are quantitative?

A

Ratio
Interval
Ordinal

Stats Midterm (6 decks)

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