Lecture 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is Gross Anatomy?
A
Study of large structures (macroscopic)
2
Q
What is Surface Anatomy?
A
Study of external features of the body
3
Q
What is radiological anatomy?
A
study of anatomy using X-Rays, CT scans, etc.
4
Q
What is systemic anatomy?
A
Studying organ systems
5
Q
What is regional anatomy?
A
all organs in a specific part of the body
6
Q
What is histopathology?
A
microscopic analysis of diseased tissue
7
Q
What is cytology?
A
structure and function of individual cells
8
Q
What are the levels of the human structure (largest to smallest?
A
Organism Organ systems organs tissues cells (smallest living unit) organelles molecules atoms
9
Q
What organ systems are we focusing on in this unti of the exam 1?
A
Integumentary (skin)
skeletal (bone)
muscular (muscle)
10
Q
Describe the anatomical position?
A
- ) Standing erect with feet flat
- ) arms at side and supinated hands (palms up)
- ) Palms, face, and eyes facing forward
- ) constant reference of body. position
11
Q
Describe the sagittal anatomical position?
A
-right/left portion
- ) median sagittal - equal halves
- ) parasagittal- unequal portions
12
Q
What is the frontal anatomical plane?
A
also known as coronal plane; divides the body into anterior/posterior postions
13
Q
What is transverse anatomical position?
A
divides the body into superior/inferior portions
14
Q
What does anterior mean?
A
toward the front of the body
15
Q
What does posterior mean?
A
Toward the back of the body
16
Q
What does ventral mean?
A
toward the anterior side
17
Q
what does dorsal mean?
A
toward the back of the body
18
Q
What does superior mean?
A
above
19
Q
What does inferior mean?
A
below
20
Q
What does cephalic mean?
A
toward the head or superior end
21
Q
What does rostral mean?
A
toward the forehead or nose
22
Q
What is caudal?
A
toward the tail or inferior end
23
Q
What does medial mean?
A
Toward the midline of the body
24
Q
What does lateral mean?
A
away from the midline
25
What is proximal?
closer to the point of attachment or origin
26
What is distal?
Farther from the point of attachment or origin
27
What is ipsilateral?
on the same side of the body (right or left)
28
What is contralateral?
On the opposite side of the body (right of left)
29
What does superficial mean?
closer to the body surface
30
What does deep mean?
farther from the body surface
31
What are the parts of the cephalic region (anterior)?
```
Frontal (forehead)
Orbital (eyes)
Nasal (nose)
Oral (mouth)
Mental (chin)
```
32
What is the cervical region?
neck
33
What are parts of the thoracic region?
Axillary (armpit)
Mammary (chest/nipple)
Sternal (sternum)
34
What is apart of the abdominal region?
umbilical
35
What is apart of the pelvic region?
inguinal (groin)
36
What is in the pubic region?
genital
37
What parts are in the upper limb (Anterior)?
```
Deltoid
brachial
Antecubital
Antebrachial
carpal (Wrist)
```
Manus (hand)
palmer
pollex (Thumb)
digital
38
What are parts of the lower limb (Anterior)?
```
Coxal (hip)
Femoral (thigh)
Patellar
Crural (leg)
Fibular or peroneal
```
```
Pedal (foot)
tarsal (ankle)
Metatarsal
Digital
Hallux (big toe)
```
39
What are parts of the posterior upper limb?
Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Olecranl
antebrachial (forearm)
Manus(hand)
metacarpal (top of hand)
digital
40
What are parts of the posterior lower limb?
Femoral (thigh)
popliteal
Sural (calf)
Fibular or peroneal
Pedal(foot)
Calcaneal
plantar
41
What is part of the posterior cephalic region?
otic
occipital (back of the head)
Cervical (neck)
42
What is part of the back region?
```
scapular
Vertebral
Lumbar
Sacral
Gluteal
Perineal (between anus and external genitalia)
```
43
What does the cranial cavity consist of?
the brain and lined by meninges
44
What is enclosed in the vertebral canal?
spinal cord and lined by meninges
45
What makes up the thoracic cavity?
Location: Superior to the diaphragm
Mediastinum
Pericardium
45
What makes up the thoracic cavity?
```
Location: Superior to the diaphragm
Mediastinum
Pericardium
-pericardial cavity
-pericardial fluid
pleura
```
46
Describe the abdominopelvic cavity?
abdominal cavity
-superior portion
- contains most of the digestive organs
-spleen, kidneys, and ureters
Pelvic Cavity
-inferior portion
- distal large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs
47
What is the basal surface?
the bottom
48
What is the apical surface
the free surface
49
What is the lateral surface?
Next to
50
What is the size of a micrometer?
10^-6
51
What are microvilli?
- plasma membrane extensions
- increases the surface area
- brush border
52
What are cilia?
primary cilium
motile cilia
axoneme- microtubules
dynein-motor protein
53
What are flagella?
Long axoneme
| propels sperm cell
54
Describe epithilial tissue
```
one or more layers
closely adhered cells
form surface
avascular
basement membrane basal and apical surfaces
```
55
Describe simple squamous epithelia
single layer of flat cells
easy passage of material
- air
-waste
locations
- lungs
- blood vessels
56
Describe Simple Cuboidal epithelium
single layer of cube shaped cells (round nuclei)
secretion and absorption (mucus production)
location:
kidney tubules
glands
57
Describe simple columnar epithelium.
single layer of tall cells (oval nuclei)
absorption/secretion
-microvilli
- mucus
-digestive tract
58
Describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium
single layer of cells with various height
-secretion of mucus
-ciliated
Located : upper respiratory tract (trachea)
59
Describe stratified squamous epithelium
several layers; surface cells are flat
-basal cells cuboid
-protection from abrasion
epidermis and mouth
60
What are cells of fibrous connective tissue?
Fibroblasts (produce fibers and ground substance)
Macrophages (eat bacteria and debris)
Leukocytes white blood cells (such as neutrophils and lymphocytes) that help in body defense)
plasma cells- produce antibodies
mast cells- secrete heparin and histamine
adipocytes-fat cells
61
What are the fibers of fibrous connective tissue?
Collagenous- tough and flexible (white fibers of tendons and ligaments)
Reticular-thin collagen fibers (framework of spleen and lymph nodes)
Elastic- stretch and recoil (elastin protein is abundant in lungs)
62
What is areolar?
loose connective tissue that is abundant, binds epithelial to deeper tissue
63
What is reticular tissue?
loose connective tissue that supports lymphatic organs
64
What is dense regular connective tissue ?
Highly organized fibers
Mainly fibroblasts
tendons and ligaments
elastic tissue
65
What is dense irregular connective tissue?
random arrangment of fibers
resists stress
most of dermis
protective capsules
66
What is adipose tissue?
stores energy, protection
67
What are examples of cartilage?
Chondroblasts- cells that secrete cartilage matrix
lacunae-small cavity surrounding matrix
chondrocytes- cartilage cells in lacunae
subtypes: Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
68
What is Hyaline?
- Collagen matrix
- Lacuna (contains chondrocytes
- supports and reinforces
- all articular cartilage
- contact bone
69
Elastic cartilage
contains elastic fibers
location: ear, epiglottis
70
What is fibrocartilage?
shock absorption
Location: Intervertebral discs, knee meniscus
71
What is bone made out of?
```
-osseous tissue
calcified matrix
1.) spiongy bone
2.) compact bone
-central canal
-lamellae
-osteon
-osteocytes
- canliculi
-periosteum
```
72
What is blood made out of?
```
-plasma
formed elements
- erythrocytes (red blood cells)
- leukocytes (white blood cells, neutrophils)
-platelets
```
73
What makes up nervous tissue?
Neuroglia (glial) cells
- support the neurons
Neurons
- transmit information
- parts of the cell
- neurosoma
- dendrite
- axon
74
What are the different types of muscular tissue? and what are they made of?
```
Skeletal
-muscle fibers
-striations
-voluntary
muscles attached to bone
```
Cardiac
- cardiomyocytes
- striations
- intercalated discs
- involuntary
- muscles of the heart
```
Smooth
-fusiform myocytes
-non-striated
-involuntary
found of walls of hollow organs
```
