Lecture 2 Integument & Glands Flashcards by Justin Martinez

What are glands and what is their function?

Down growth of epithelium that can be multicellular or unicellular
specialized to produce and secrete substances that work on specific organs or tissues in the body

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What are exocrine glands?

Glands that secrete product directly onto a surface or into a duct
classified by shape, product, and mechanism of secretion

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What are endocrine glands?

secrete product into connective tissue or bloodstream

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What are the types of products of exocrine glands?

Serous
- proteinaceous, watery, usually stains darkly

Mucous
-viscous, water-heavy, usually stains light

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What are the mechanisms of secretion?

Merocrine (eccrine)
- vesicles of product released from cell

Apocrine
-vesicles coated in lipid membrane before release

Holocrine
-product builds in cytoplasm, cell dies and releases product and cellular debris

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How are exocrine classified?

(Simple or compound duct) + (shape of secretory protein) + (serous or mucous product)

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What are the different types of simple exocrine glands?

Simple Tubular
Simple Coiled Tubular
Simple Acinar
Simple Branched Acinar

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What are the different types of compound exocrine glands?

Compound Acinar
Compound Tubular
Compound Tubuloacinar

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What are the functions of the skin?

Protection

 - Trauma- heals quickly 
 - Infection- physical and chemical barrier 
 - Dehydration/ overhydration- prevents excess loss or absorption of water

Sensation
-several types of nerve endings react to temperature, pressure, vibrations, texture, and injury

Thermoregulation
-monitors the temperature of the body surface, and reacts to maintain appropriate response

Vitamin D
-initiates the synthesis of vitamin D

Communication

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What are the general layers of the Integument and what are they made of ?

Epidermis
-stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

Dermis

 - dense irregular CT
- blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles

Hypodermis
-adipose tissue

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What are the layers of the epidermis?

Stratum corneum 
     -stratum lucidem
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum Basale

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What are characteristics of thick skin?

They are found at the palms of hands and soles of feet
eccrine sweat glands
have a thicker stratum corneum

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What are characteristics of thin skin?

everywhere except palms and soles

has hair
has sebaceous glands
has eccrine sweat glands
has thinner stratum corneum

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What cells are found in the epidermis?

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans Cells
Merkel Cell

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What is the predominant cell type in the epidermis?

Keratinocytes and they synthesize keratin

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What cells secretes melanin?

melanocytes

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Where are Langerhans cells found?

part of the immune system

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What are merkel cells?

Sensory cells

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What does eumelanin stain under a microscope?

brownish black

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What does Phomelanin stain?

reddish yellow

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What are color and intensity of pigmentation dependent on?

Dependent on type and distribution of melanin

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What does blue skin color indicate?

cyanosis

- lack of oxygen

What does red skin color indicate?

Erythema

-increased blood flow

What does pale/ashen skin indicate?

reduced blood flow

What does white skin color indicate?

- albinism | - genetic lack of melanin

What does yellow skin indicate?

Jaundice | - liver malfunction or excess bilirubin

What does black/green/blue skin color indicate?

- bruise | - broken blood vessel

What layers make up the papillary layer?

- Loose CT - Blood vessels - nerves - immune cells

What makes up the reticular layer?

- Dense irregular connective tissue - nerves - blood vessels - glands

What is the hypodermis made of?

Located below dermis - adipose tissue - energy storage - thermal insulation sometimes contains nerves, glands, other accessory structures

What are different skin markings and their characteristics?

Fingerprints - ridges that increase sensitivity and ability to grasp things Flexion lines-creases that occur near joints Freckles- flat, melanized patches Moles- raised melanized patches Birthmarks (hemangiomas)- discolored skin in varying sizes and shapes

What are nerves specialized in as an accessory structure?

specialized sensory nervous tissue

What do glands specialize in?

specialized to help maintain body temperature, prevent dehydration, protect skin

What does hair specialize in?

specialized structures to maintain heat, protect from the sun - not so much in human

What do nails specialize in?

specialized stratum corneum to protect ends of fingers and toes?

What are the specialized sensory structures?

Pacinian corpuscle and Meissner's corpuscle

What glands are found in the integument?

eccrine, sebaceous and apocrine

what are characteristics of sebacceous glands?

attached to hair follicles oily product holocrine glands

What are characteristics of eccrine sweat glands?

- Merocrine secretion - watery, serous product - simple, coiled tubular gland

What are characteristics of apocrine glands?

- found in groin and axilla - wide lumen, simple cuboidal epithelium - lipid heavy product

What are characteristics of hair?

grows on thin skin | -filamentous tube of keratinized cells

What are the three types of hair?

Downy - unpigmented hair of fetus Vellus -fine, unpigmented hair of children and adults Terminal -Coarse, pigmented hair of the scalp, eyebrows, axilla pubic, facial hair

What is the structure of hair?

- Follicle - hair shaft - root bulb - associated glands - sebaceous glands - Piloerector muscle

What happens in the anagen stage of hair growth?

-early stage and mature stage - growing phase, 6-8 years stem cells multiply and follicle grows deeper into dermis - hair matrix multiplies and keratinize, causing hair to grow upward; old club hair may persist temporarily alongside newly growing hair

What happens in the catagen stage of hair loss?

-hair growth ceases; hair bulb keratinizes and forms club hair, lower follicle degenerates

What happens in the telogen phase?

resting phase | - dermal papilla has ascended to the level of the bulge. club hair falls out, usually in telogen or next anagen

What are characteristics of nails?

derived from stratum corneum - hardened, parallel rows of keratin - protection of fingertips - tools to aid manual manipulation - increases the sensitivity of the fingertip

What are disorders of the integumentary System?

``` Acne Dermatitis Eczema Psoriasis Ringworm Rosacea Warts ```

What is Psoriasis?

Chronic, lifelong skin disease common in adults hereditary and auto-immune characterized by thick, Silvery Scales

What is Eczema?

Condition is transient (come & goes) Common in Infants & Children Environmental Factors Aggravate It Characterized by Red, Inflamed Skin

What are characteristics of Skin Cancer?

- induced by UV rays (both natural and tanning beds) - elderly and fair skinned most common - 3 types - Basal cell carcinoma - Squamous cell carcinoma - Malignant melanoma

What are characteristics of Burn?

``` Leading cause of accidental death -death primarily - fluid loss -infection toxic effects of eschar (dead tissue) ```

What are the various depth of burnt skin?

First degree - epidermis only Second degree- epidermis and dermis Third-degree- epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis