Lecture 1

Question 1

Characteristics of PD

Answer 1

Stooped posture and shaky hands

Question 2

What part of the brain initiates movement

Answer 2

Frontal cortex

Question 3

Movement is tightly controlled by ___

Answer 3

Basal ganglia

Question 4

Basal ganglia is a group of ___

Answer 4

Nuclei

Question 5

What is the basal ganglia involved in

Answer 5

Initiation and smooth performance of ongoing movement

Question 6

Caudate location

Answer 6

Lateral side of the lateral ventricles

Question 7

What part of the basal ganglia is connected to the caudate

Answer 7

Putamen

Question 8

Where do the caudate and putamen connect

Answer 8

Nucleus accumbens

Question 9

What are the caudate and putamen separated by

Answer 9

Internal capsule

Question 10

Internal capsule

Answer 10

Nerve tracts that connect various brain regions

Question 11

Why does the internal capsule appear white

Answer 11

Composed of myelinated axon bundles

Question 12

Collective name for caudate and putamen

Answer 12

Striatum

Question 13

Why are the caudate and putamen grouped together

Answer 13

They come from the same embryonic origin

Question 14

Nuclei adjacent to the putamen

Answer 14

Globus pallidus internal and globus pallidus external

Question 15

What nuclei is located under the thalamus

Answer 15

Subthalamic nuclei

Question 16

Where is the substantia nigra located

Answer 16

Midbrain region

Question 17

How many nuclei make up the substantia nigra

Answer 17

Two

Question 18

Nuclei of the substantia nigra

Answer 18

SN pars compacta and SN pars reticulata

Question 19

Ventricles

Answer 19

Cavities in the brain

Question 20

How are inputs of the caudate and putamen divided

Answer 20

1. Input from the cortex

2. Input from the SN pars compacta

Question 21

Input from the cortex to caudate and putamen name

Answer 21

Corticostriatal inputs/pathway

Question 22

Input from the SN compacta to caudate and putamen name

Answer 22

Nigrostriatal input/pathway

Question 23

Neurons of the caudate and putamen

Answer 23

Medium spiny neurons

Question 24

Characteristic of medium spiny neurons

Answer 24

Huge dendritic trees

Question 25

Information processed by the medium spiny neurons and other neurons in the caudate and putamen will be sent to ___ and ___ (outputs)

Answer 25

``` Globus pallidus (internal and external) SN pars reticulata ```

Question 26

Which inputs to the caudate and putamen are processed by the medium spiny neurons and other local circuit neurons

Answer 26

Both cerebrostriatal and nigrostriatal

Question 27

Another name for the globus pallidus

Answer 27

Pallidum

Question 28

Globus pallidus at rest

Answer 28

Chronically active

Question 29

What happend when the globus pallidus is active

Answer 29

Puts a break on the thalamus

Question 30

Can you move the muscle when the globus pallidus is active

Answer 30

NO

Question 31

Can the thalamus activate the motor cortex when there is a brake from the globus pallidus

Answer 31

No (no movement)

Question 32

If you want to move, the ___ requests a movement

Answer 32

Cortex

Question 33

What does the cortex activate when it requests movement

Answer 33

Striatum

Question 34

What happens when the striatum is activated

Answer 34

The globus pallidus is inhibited (strong brake put on thalamus)

Question 35

What happens when the globus pallidus puts a strong brake on the thalamus

Answer 35

Thalamus is disinhibited

Question 36

What happens when the thalamus is disinhibited

Answer 36

Thalamus excites motor cortex to initiate movement

Question 37

Globus pallidus inhibited = brake is present/absent = thalamus can/cannot talk to motor cortex to initiate movement

Answer 37

Brake is present | Thalamus can talk to the motor cortex to initiate movement

Question 38

Globus pallidus active (disinhibited) = brake is present/absent = thalamus can/cannot talk to the motor cortex to initiate movement

Answer 38

Brake is absent | Thalamus cannot talk to the motor cortex to initiate movement

Question 39

___ and ___ monitor and regulate the movement initiated by the cortex

Answer 39

Substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus

Question 40

What can the caudate and putamen inhibit besides the globus pallidus

Answer 40

SN reticulata

Question 41

What happens when the SN reticulata is inhibited

Answer 41

Superior colliculi are disinhibited

Question 42

What happens when the superior colliculi are disinhibited

Answer 42

The head can move in coordination with the body movement

Question 43

Basal ganglia pathways divisions

Answer 43

Direct and indirect pathways

Question 44

Direct pathway is mainly to initiate ___

Answer 44

Voluntary movement

Question 45

How does the substantia nigra excite the caudate and putamen

Answer 45

D1 receptor subtype

Question 46

What happens when the caudate and putamen are excited by the substantia nigra

Answer 46

Further disinhibits (activates) the thalamus, and thalamus excites motor cortex to initiate movement

Question 47

Which SN acts through D1

Answer 47

Compacta

Question 48

What SN acts through D2

Answer 48

Reticulata

Question 49

Purpose of the indirect pathway

Answer 49

Suppress inappropriate movement (like a tremor)

Question 50

What nuclei is part of the indirect pathway

Answer 50

Subthalamic

Question 51

Why do two indirect pathways prevent movement and the third allows movement

Answer 51

It is not good to prevent all movement (balance)

Question 52

Organization of the direct and indirect pathways

Answer 52

Center surround

Question 53

Center of the center surround model

Answer 53

Direct pathway (cortex initiates movement via caudate and putamen)

Question 54

Surround of the center surround model

Answer 54

Indirect pathway (suppress unwanted movement via subthalamic nuclei)