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Human Physiology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the levels of structural organization in the human body?

A

chemical level
cell
tissue
organ
system
organism

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2
Q

level defined at atoms and molecules in the body

A

chemical level

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3
Q

level defined as basic structural and functional units

A

cell

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4
Q

level defined as groups of cells arising from common ancestor cells that work together to perform a particular function

A

tissue

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5
Q

level defined as structure composed of two or more types of tissues that have specific functions

A

organ

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6
Q

level defined as several related organs that have a common function

A

system

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7
Q

level defined as all parts of the body functioning together with one another

A

organism

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8
Q

what is the basic living unit of the body?

A

cell

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9
Q

how many functions can a cell have?

A

one or more

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10
Q

what is the most abundant cell?

A

RBC or red blood cell

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11
Q

what are the shared characteristics of all cells?

A
  1. Have metabolism - use oxygen, carbs, fats, proteins to function
  2. use the same chemical mechanism for changing nutrients to energy
  3. release end products into surrounding fluid
  4. almost all reproduce
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12
Q

what are organelles?

A

the cell membrane limited structures that carry out cell function

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13
Q

what are all the flu9ids inside the cell called?

A

protoplasm

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14
Q

how much of protoplasm is water?

A

70%

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15
Q

what else other than water is the protoplasm made up of?

A

Nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbs
Ions (potassium, magnesium, phosphate,sulfate,bicarbonate, sodium, chloride, calcium) for cell reaction and control

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16
Q

what are the major divisions of protoplasm?

A

cytoplasm
Nucleoplasm

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17
Q

what is the cytoplasm

A

Part of protoplasm that is exclusive of the nucleus

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18
Q

what is the nucleoplasm

A

(karyolymph)

fluid of the nucleus in which chromatin, nucleolus, and other elements of the nucleus are suspended (occupying)

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19
Q

membrane bound structures

A

nucleus
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi complex
lysosome
peroxisome
plasma membrane

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20
Q

structures that are not membrane bound

A

nucleolus
ribosomes
cytoskeleton proteins

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21
Q

structures involved in protein synthesis

A

nucleus
nucleolus
ribosomes
rough ER

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22
Q

structures involved in secretion

A

rough ER
Golgi aparatus

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23
Q

structures involved in metabolic reactions

A

mitochondria
peroxisomes
smooth ER

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24
Q

structures involved in digestion

A

lysosomes

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25
structures involved in cytoskeleton
filaments centrosome cilia flagella
26
what distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells
nucleus
27
what is the control center and what does it consist of
nucleus chromosomes nucleolus
28
what is the site of ribosome synthesis
nucleolus
29
double membrane with 1000 pores that separate nucleus from the rest of the cell
nuclear membrane or envelope
30
what has a stress sensor which changes its shape
nucleolus
31
nucleolar enlargement and sources of stress
increased ribosomal activity larger irregular shape sources of stress include cardiac stress, some cold medicine
32
nucleolar disruption and sources of stress
shrinkage of nucleolus and unraveling of DNA sources include hypoxia, DNA damage, genotoxic stress
33
site of protein synthesis and concentration of RNA
ribosomes
34
what do free ribosomes do?
make cytoskeletal and cytoplasmic proteins - such as HgB found in cytosol
35
what do bound ribosomes do?
on rough ER responsible for making the remaining membrane proteins
36
how do antibiotics like macrocodes, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides work
inhibiting bacterial ribosomes
37
network of interconnected membranes that work together with the golgi aparatus
rough ER
38
what does the smooth ER do?
make steroid molecules metabolize carbs glycogen breakdown detoxify drugs and poisons
39
where are smooth ER predominantly found?
liver cells "marker enzyme" - GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE striated muscle (cardiac and skeletal) "sarcoplasmic reticulum" stores Ca++ necessary for muscle contraction
40
membranous structure responsible for protein condensation and shipping secretory products like enzymes?
golgi aparatus
41
what do the golgi vesicles do?
bud off of GA store enzymes in inactive state (proenzymes) secrete them where they need to go and where they can be activated
42
what does the mitochondria do?
metabolic reaction like cellular respiration breaks down glucose and fatty acids makes ATP
43
Most of the ATP is formed in the mitochondria and then used for ?
membrane transport protein synthesis muscle contraction
44
what organelle have their own DNA and can replicate
mitochondria
45
mitochondrial DNA vs nuclear DNA
maternal and can mutate more frequently than nuclear DNA
46
What are marker enzymes
mark mitochondria for specificity - succinate dehydrogenase (gastric or renal carcinomas) - ATP synthetase - Adenyl kinase - creatine kinase
47
folds in mitochondria are called _____. these folds contain ______. Why are these important?
cristae - large surface area for chemical reactions oxidative enzymes - cause oxidation which leads to ATP
48
What theory is there about peroxisomes?
may be formed by self replication or budding off ER
49
what are peroxisomes... their role?
vesicles with specific enzymes (oxidases) detoxify ETOH, break down fatty acids in and found in liver
50
peroxisome marker enzymes
catalase urate oxidase
51
what medication increases # of peroxisomes to help lower lipid concentrations in the blood?
Clofibrate
52
syndrome when peroxisomes are absent
Zellweger's syndrome (fatal)
53
lysosomes are synthesized in the ______ and processed in the _____. They contain _______ enzymes.
rough ER GA hydrolytic enzymes (can split organic compound) that digest old cell parts, bacteria etc.
54
lysosomes marker enzymes
acid phosphatase - digestive lipase converting lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
55
how does the lysosome avoid breaking down itself?
surrounding membrane keep enzymes inside so they do not damage the cell
56
lysosomal disorder
Tay Sachs disease
57
Tay Sachs disease
lipid digesting enzyme is missing = increase in lipid [ ] = interfere with normal brain function
58
what is made up of protein subunits called filaments that maintain cell structure and permit cells to change shape and to move
cytoskeleton
59
three types of filaments that make up the cytoskeleton
microtubules microfilaments intermediate filaments
60
what do Microtubules move? what are microtubule molecular motors?
move mitochondria, vesicles, and chromosomes from one area to another kinesin and dynein
61
What do microfilaments move? What are microfilaments molecular motors?
movement of the cell itself linear movement myosin (actin filaments role in muscle contraction)
62
what drugs can interfere with microtubule function?
paclitaxel colchicine vinblastine
63
centrosomes
contain centrioles - proteins role in development of spindle fibers associated with cell division when centrosomes duplicate and separate forming poles of miotic spindles (microtubules)
64
cilia and flagella
attach to the cell facilitating movement flagella limited in numbers (sperm) cilia large in number (mucokinesis in respiratory tract)
65
positive or negative movement of cells in response to release of chemical mediators
ameboid movement
66
ameboid movement is controlled by _______. Example would be ______.
chemotaxis white blood cells
67
movement controlled by ATP and adequate concentrations of magnesium and calcium
ciliary movement
68
example of ciliary movement
airways fallopian tube
69
maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment
homeostasis
70
Important idea when it comes to homeostasis
keeping a steady state over a longer period of time (not minute to minute) energy input = energy output construction = destruction
71
condition in which contending forces are equal and there is no net flow thru the system
equilibrium NOT steady state
72
the body creates homeostasis within ________, _______, and _______.
normal [ ] of oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, hydrogen, potassium, calcium, and magnesium normal osmotic pressure to reduce tendency of water to move normal temperature
73
intracellular fluid
inside cell primarily consists of K+, Mg2+, and phosphate ions
73
intracellular fluid
inside cell primarily consists of K+, Mg2+, and phosphate ionse
74
extracellular fluid
space outside the cells made up of primarily Na+ Cl- HCO3- O2 CO2 glucose, fatty acids, amino acids
75
extracellular fluid in humans comes from?
interstitial fluid 75-80% plasma 15-20% transcellular fluid 5%
76
feedback system components
1. sensor 2. control center 3. transmission pathways 4. effector (final result of a stimulus)
77
transmission pathways
afferent pathways - incoming efferent pathways - outgoing
78
what measures the value of the variable to be regulated
sensor
79
what compares the input signal with some internal reference value
set point reference value
80
compares the set value and the actual measured value (the difference between them)
comparator
81
produce some sort of output signal
signal pathway
82
brings the vital parameter closer to the set-point
effector
83
primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis
negative feedback (reverses or shuts of stimulus)
84
positive feedback
the result of the process amplifies the stimulus

Human Physiology (24 decks)

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