Lecture 12

Question 1

the upper parts of the heart are the ________.
lower two are _______

Answer 1

atria
ventricles

Question 2

what’s the largest and strongest part of heart?

Answer 2

left ventricle (goes to body)

Question 3

_____ side of the heart is sending oxygenated blood out to the body.

Answer 3

left

Question 4

______ sends blood to lungs to get oxygenated

Answer 4

right ventricle

Question 5

____ have oxygenated
_____ have deoxygenated and brings back to heart

Answer 5

arteries
veins

Question 6

hat is the heart/pulmonary pathway of blood?

Answer 6

left ventricle sends out oxygenated blood and crosses aortic valve into aorta to go out to body

returns thru vena cava into right atrium
goes to right ventricle through tricuspid valve

past pulmonary valve thru pulmonary artery to get oxygenated at lungs

pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood to left atrium
moves to left ventricle through mitral valve

Question 7

lungs hold ___% of total blood volume of the entire circulatory system and this is about _____ milliliters.

___ milliliters in pulmonary capillaries
___ milliliters in the pulmonary arteries and veins

Answer 7

9%
450

70
380

Question 8

what is the functions of the pulmonary vasculature?

Answer 8

gas exchange
deliver nutrients to lung
reservoir for the left ventricle
filtering system removing from the circulation (ex: clots, air, debris)

Question 9

what keeps the passages open to allow air in

Answer 9

cartilage rings in trachea
curved cartilage plates in bronchial alls
bronchioles kept open by pressures

Question 10

in the walls of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles there is _________

_______ allows moisture to protect passageways
and ______ help clear the passageway

Answer 10

smooth muscle

mucus lining
cilia

Question 11

when air goes to bronchus, it then goes thru ______, ________, and then ______ for gas exchange

Answer 11

secondary bronchus
tertiary bronchus
alveolar sacs

Question 12

there are control systems to maintain normal levels of ___ and ____ in arterial blood

in arterial blood we want higher ____ and lower ____

Answer 12

PO2 (partial pressure of oxygen)
PCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide)

higher O2
lower CO2

Question 13

what sensors are there to detect when oxygen levels in the blood are getting low ?

Answer 13

chemoreceptors (central or peripheral)
Pulmonary receptors

Question 14

what is the central controller of the chemoreceptors?

Answer 14

brain stem (pons and medulla)

Question 15

what is the central controller for pulmonary receptors

Answer 15

cortex

Question 16

what are the effectors for chemoreceptors and pulmonary receptors control system

Answer 16

respiratory muscle
- diaphragm
- intercostal muscles
- abdominal muscles
- accessory muscles

Question 17

what tests lung volume?

Answer 17

pulmonary function test (PFT)

Question 18

at rest breathing small amount of air in and out is called?

Answer 18

tidal volume

Question 19

if we are breathing normally and then breath out even more?

Answer 19

expiratory reserve volume
- around 1200 ml

Question 20

breathing normally and breath in extra air as much as you can?

Answer 20

inspiratory reserve volume
- around 5700 ml

Question 21

can you get rid of all air in lungs?

Answer 21

nope

Question 22

__ to ___ % of energy expenditure of the body during normal respiration

Answer 22

3-5%

Question 23

work of lungs and energy expenditure is divided into 3 parts, which are ?

Answer 23

compliance work (elastic work)
- work required to expand the lung against elastic properties

tissue resistance work
- overcome density and pull air through wet sponge lungs

airway resistance work
- pushing past air and putting more air in lung

Question 24

breathing in and out is normally a _____ process.

movement of diaphragm downward and upward to length and shorten the chest cavity
- when contracted what occurs?

ribs move apart sideways and longways to make space for inhalation.

Elevation and depression by the___________ to increase & decrease the anteroposterior diameter of chest cavity

Answer 24

passive

contraction flattens diaphragm and create vacuum for lungs to expand with air

intercostal muscles

Question 25

the __________ contract with upward movement of the lower ribs

Answer 25

external intercostals

Question 26

what contracts to elevate 1st rib

Answer 26

accessory muscles - scalenus - sternocleidomastoid

Question 27

abdominal muscles are muscles of _______

Answer 27

expiration

Question 28

pulmonary arteriole in the alveoli structure is ______

Answer 28

deoxygenated to arteriole (opposite of body)

Question 29

alveolar structure involves a ____ layer of ______ cells, which are type ___ alveolar cells) type __ alveolar cells secrete _______ and there are also ________ for protection.

Answer 29

thin squamous epithelial cells (type 1) 2 surfactant phagocytic alveolar macrophage

Question 30

pleural cavity involves Lung floating in thoracic cavity connected only at _____ and Surrounded by thin layer of _______ (few millimeters)

Answer 30

hilum pleural fluid

Question 31

external serous membrane lining the internal surface of thoracic cavity is ?

Answer 31

Parietal pleura

Question 32

internal serous membrane attached to the surface of each lung fluid layer that is between the parietal and visceral pleurae “pleural space”

Answer 32

Visceral pleura

Question 33

Parietal and Visceral sensitivity to pain?

Answer 33

parietal yes visceral no

Question 34

serous membrane lining the internal surface of thoracic cage and outside surface of lungs

Answer 34

pleura

Question 35

the pleura secretes ______ which decreases resistance against lung movement without breathing

Answer 35

fluid

Question 36

external shroud membrane lining the internal surface of thoracic cavity

Answer 36

parietal

Question 37

internal serous membrane attached to the surface of each lung

Answer 37

visceral

Question 38

fluid layer that is between the parietal and visceral pleurae is called the _________

Answer 38

pleural space

Question 39

Relationship between changes in the ______ distending the alveoli and changes in _____________ dictates how the lungs inflate with each breath Pleural cavity maintains a ________ pressure to keep lungs expanded - When this pressure becomes___________ the lungs are at risk of collapse Specific Pressures: - Intrapleural pressure (intrathoracic) - Alveolar pressure - Transpulmonary pressure

Answer 39

pressure lunch volume negative less negative

Question 40

Normal pleural pressure at the beginning of inspiration is between _____ and ____ During inspiration as the chest expands the pressure becomes more negative to about _______

Answer 40

-4 to -5 cmH2O -7.5 cmH2O

Question 41

Pressure of the air inside the lung alveoli

Answer 41

alveolar pressure

Question 42

When the glottis is open and no air is flowing into or out of the lungs and all pressures throughout the respiratory tree = __________pressure = ____

Answer 42

atmospheric 0

Question 43

During inspiration, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. This causes the ___________ to become more negative, which increases the________ pressure, causing the lungs to expand

Answer 43

intrapleural pressure transpulmonary

Question 44

The difference between alveolar and pleural pressures Net sum of pressure forces acting against the lung tissue

Answer 44

transpulmonary pressure

Question 45

________ transpulmonary pressure holds airway open ________ transpulmonary pressure- airways collapse

Answer 45

Positive Negative

Question 46

The ease at which something can be stretched is ____________________ Extent to which the lungs can expand with the increase in _______________________

Answer 46

Compliance transpulmonary pressure

Question 47

The tendency for something to oppose stretch Compliance is the inverse

Answer 47

elasticity

Question 48

lung compliance is Determined by: - Elastic forces of the __________ - Elastic forces of the __________________ - Surfactant - Role of the thoracic cage ________ with lower compliance

Answer 48

lung tissue pleural fluid’s surface tension scoliosis

Question 49

elastic forces in the lung are ______ and ________

Answer 49

elastin, collagen

Question 50

a compliant lung takes small amount of effort by diaphragm and generates small pressure changes across the lung and air moves easily A noncompliant lung requires a large effort by diaphragm and involves a big change in pressure and small change in volume. air does not move easily, lung is ______

Answer 50

stiff

Question 51

compliance equation

Answer 51

c= v/p

Question 52

______________-lungs stiff; decreases compliance, larger pressures necessary to maintain volume ___________- lungs loose; increases compliance, small pressure difference is necessary to maintain a large volume

Answer 52

Fibrosis Emphysema

Question 53

resistance to airflow is normally very little Upper airways remains open by the ________(trachea/bronchi) Bronchioles remain open due to the ___________

Answer 53

rigidity of their walls transpulmonary pressures

Question 54

Greatest area of resistance in lungs is _________

Answer 54

Larger bronchioles, bronchi near trachea

Question 55

Disease states commonly affect ______ airways due to size, they are easily occluded by muscle contraction, edema, mucous

Answer 55

smaller

Question 56

Protein secreted by Type II alveolar cells is _______ Secreted in alveoli between ____ months of gestation _________ the surface tension of the fluid lined alveoli

Answer 56

surfactant 6-7 decrease

Question 57

Surfactant molecules line up on the inner surface of the _______ As the lung volume decreases during expiration, adjacent surfactant molecules are __________ Surfactant molecules ____________alveoli to become smaller

Answer 57

alveoli forced closer together repel each other and resist the tendency of

Question 58

The amount of inspired air entering the gas exchange areas of the lungs per minute is called _____________ Some of this air never reaches these areas and this air isn’t useful exchange Ventilation does not occur in conducting airways Called ___________

Answer 58

alveolar ventiltion dead space air

Question 59

dead space air includes _____ and _______

Answer 59

anatomic dead space alveolar dead space

Question 60

anatomic dead space includes _______________ is around ____ ml in life (tends to increase with ____) why does dead space occur ?

Answer 60

airways leading to alveoli (upper airways, trachea, bronchi) 150 ml age walls are too thick to allow CO2 and O2 passage

Question 61

Alveolar dead space Includes any______________ _____ mL air enters alveolar spaces but not all may participate in gas exchange

Answer 61

space occupied by non functioning alveoli 350 mL

Question 62

a alveoli may be nonfunctioning bc of lack of _______ or ______ are not functioning.

Answer 62

blood supply, shunting Alveolar walls

Question 63

the volume of inspired air that does not contribute to gas exchange is called _______ and involves about _____ mL this involves ______ and _______

Answer 63

physiologic Dead Space (PDS) 500 mL anatomic and alveolar dead space