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Brain and Behavior > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

input - dendrites

A

receive information from other cells

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2
Q

integration –> cell body

A

integrates information it receives

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3
Q

conduction - axons

A

conducts output information away from the cell body as electrical impulse

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4
Q

output - axon terminals

A

communicate activity to other cells

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5
Q

motor neurons

A

axons that stimulate muscles

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6
Q

sensory neurons

A

have various shapes based on given stimuli and respond to enviornmental stimuli like light odor and touch

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7
Q

interneurons

A

analyze input from one set of neurons and communicate with others; modulate signals

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8
Q

multipolar neurons

A

one axon and many dendrites, most common

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9
Q

bipolar neurons

A

one axon, one dendrite

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10
Q

unipolar neurons

A

single extension branches in two directions forming input zone and output –> common in things like touch (sensory system)

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11
Q

how is information transmitted

A

presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron

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12
Q

components of synapse

A

presynaptic membrane –> axon terminal of presynaptic neuron
post synaptic membrane –> dendrite or cell body of PSN
synaptic cleft –> gap that separates membrane

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13
Q

synaptic vesicle

A

contains neurotransmitters that come from presynaptic axon terminals
released in response to electrical activity

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14
Q

neurotransmitter receptors

A

specialized proteins in psotsynatpic membrane that react to neurotransmitter molecules

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15
Q

neural plasticity

A

continual remodeling of neuronal connections

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16
Q

axon hillock

A

cone shapes area of cell body that leads to the axons
converts input into electrical signals that travel down axon an dinervate target cells

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17
Q

axon collateral

A

branch of axon that ends in terminal

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18
Q

axon transport

A

bidirectional movement of materials within an axon

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19
Q

glial cells

A

assist neuronal activity by providing raw materials, chemical signals and structure and participate in information processing

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20
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheaths in CNS

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21
Q

schwann cells

A

myelin in neurons in PNS

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22
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

gaps between sections of myelin where axons are expsoed –> aid propagation of signal down the axon

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23
Q

astrocytes

A

stretch around and between neurons, sometimes blood vessels –> secrete chemcials, help form outer membrane of the brain and maintain blood/brain barrier

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24
Q

microglial cells

A

removes debris from injured or dead cells

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25
central nervous system
brain, spinal cord, eyes
26
peripheral system
all other parts except for brain and spinal cord
27
motor nerves
transmit information from spinal cord and brain to muscles and glands
28
sensory nerves
convey information from the body to the CNS
29
somatic nervous system
nerves that interconnect brain and the major muscles and sensory systems of the body
30
autonomic nervous system
connect to internal organs
31
cranial nerves
innervate the head neck and visceral organs directly from brain
32
spinal nerves
connected to spinal cord
33
exclusively sensoyr cranial nerves
olfactory -smell optic -vision vestibulocochlear - hearing and balance
34
motor pathway from the brain
- oculomotor - eye movement trochlear - eye mvoement abducens - eye movement spinal accessory - neck muscles hypoglossal - tongue
35
sensory AND motor functions
trigeminal -chewing and facial sensations facial - taste sensations , facial msucles glossopharyngeal - throat sensations, throat muscles vagas nerve - innervate heart, liver and intestines
36
spinal nerves
motor fibers that project from spinal cord and sensory fibers that go back into the spinal cord
37
segments of spinal cord
cervical - neck - 8 segments thoracic - trunk - 12 segments lumbar - lower back - 5 segments sacral - pelvic - 5 segments coccygeal - bottom - 1 segment
38
Major divisions that are on autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
39
sympathetic nervous system
innervate sympathetic ganglia --> prepare fight or flight response
40
parasympathetic nervous system
relax and recuperate; parasympathetic ganglia; close to organs they innervate
41
cerebral cortex
outermost convoluted layer of the brain
42
gyri
rigid or raise portions of cortex
43
sulci
furrowed protions of cortex
44
lobes
frontal, pariental, occipital, temporal
45
frontal
decision making, personality
46
pariental
sensory
47
occipital
visual processin
48
temporal
auditory processing
49
sylvian fissure
boundary of temporal lobe
50
central sulcus
divides frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
51
corpus callosum
connects two cerebral hemispheres
52
post central gyrus
important for touch, behind central cortex
53
precentral gyrus
in frontal lobe, motor control
54
gray matter
lacks myelin; more cell bodies and dendrites
55
white matter
axons with white myelin sheaths
56
forebrain
telencephalon and diencephalon
57
hindbrain
developes into cerebellum, pons, medulla
58
brainstem
hindbrian pons and medulla
59
cortical neurons
six layers after development
60
pyramidal cells
most prominent neurons in cerebral cortex, layer III or V
61
cortical columns
extend and serve information processing units
62
basal ganglia
motor control consist of caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
63
limbic system
emotion and learning
64
amygdala
emotional regulation and perception of color
65
hippocampus and fornix
learning
66
cingulate gyrus
attention
67
olfactory bulb
sense of smell
68
thalamus
relay sensory informaton
69
hypothalamus
control pituitary
70
superior colliculi
visual processing
71
inferior colliculi
auditory processing
72
substantia nigra
basal ganglia
73
reticular formation
sleep and arousal
74
periaqueductal gray
pain perception
75
cerebellum
motor coordination and control, learning
76
pons
origin of cranial nerves, snesory nad motor nuceli
77
medulla
respiration and heart rate --> transition from brain to spinal cord
78
dura matter
tough, outermost layer
79
pia matter
--> delicate inner skin
80
arachnoid membrane
filled with cerebrospinal fluid
81
meningitis
acute infection of the meninges
82
meningiomas
tumors formed in the meninges--> can cause seizures
83
ventricular system
series of chambers filled with CSF
84
lateral ventricles
85
CSF
third ventricle then foruth ventricle where it exits to circulate to the brain and spinal cord
86
CT Scans
anatomical map of the brain based on tissue density
87
MRI
high resolution and less damaging effects --> created by tissue density
88
fMRI
small chanegs in brain metabolism --> can show how brain structure collaborate
89
PET
images of brain activity --> identifies which brain region contribute to specific function
90
TMS
sitmulate cortical regions and record changes of behavior
91
MEG
measures magnetic field given off by active neurons during cognitive processing
92
stroke
rupture or blockage of blood
93
hemorrhagic
rupture in the brain and very deadly
94
ischemic
blockage of artery --> blood enters and certain, area will die

Brain and Behavior (3 decks)

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