Lecture 3

Question 1

exogenous substances

Answer 1

from outside the body –> ingested to changed the functioning of the brain and the body

Question 2

endogenous substance

Answer 2

internal substance –> ex: neurotransmitter

Question 3

ionotropic receptors

Answer 3

change shape when transmitter molecule binds to it –> allows ions to come through; ex: aCH receptors

Question 4

metabotropic receptors

Answer 4

alter gene expression and internal expression –> use series of secondary messengers

Question 5

most common type of neurotransmitters

Answer 5

amino acid transmitters

Question 6

types of amino acid neurotransmitters

Answer 6

glutamate –> widespread excitatory transmitter
AMPA and NMDA receptors

GABA –> widespread inhibitory receptor
iontropic receptors –> inhibitory Cl- channels

Question 7

types of amine transmitters

Answer 7

acetylcholine, dopamine, seratonin

Question 8

about acetylcholine

Answer 8

part of cholinergic neurons found in basal forebrain
degradation of these neurons –> associated with Alzheimers
disreuption inferes with learning and memory

Question 9

dopamine pathways

Answer 9

mesostriatal pathway
mesolimbocortical pathway

Question 10

mesostriatal pathway

Answer 10

originates at substantia nigra in midbrain –> importnat for motor control –> degradation results in Parkinsons disease

Question 11

mesolimbocortical pathway

Answer 11

originates in ventral tegmental area; important for learning shaped my positive reinforcement

Question 12

norepinephrine

Answer 12

controls many behaviors from alertness to mood to sexual behaviors

noradrenegic neurons found in locus coeruleus and lateral tegmental area

Question 13

serotonin

Answer 13

mood, vision, anxiety, sexual behavior, sleep, etc.
serotonergic neurons originate in raphe nuclei

Question 14

peptide neurotransmitter types

Answer 14

oxytocin, vasopressin

Question 15

about peptide hromones

Answer 15

opioid peptides –> reduce perception of pain –> mimic morphine
peptides in gut are made by neurons in spinal cord and brain
oxytocin and vasopressin –> memory and pair bonding

Question 16

gas neurotransmitters

Answer 16

nitric oxide and carbon monoxide

Question 17

abnormalities of gas neurotransmitters

Answer 17

produced usually in dendrites (outside axon terminal) and immediately pushed out of neurosn
can immediately diffuse into target cell without transmitter and activate secondary messenger
can be retrograde transmitter –> from postsynaptic neuron to presynaptic neuron

Question 18

agonist

Answer 18

activates receptor

Question 19

antagonist

Answer 19

binds but inhibits receptor

Question 20

binding affinity

Answer 20

degree of attraction between ligand and receptor

Question 21

efficacy

Answer 21

ability to bound ligand to activate the receptor

Question 22

dose response curve

Answer 22

relationship between drug doses and the effects

Question 23

bioavailable

Answer 23

amount of drug that is free to act on the target

Question 24

biotransformation

Answer 24

produces active metabolites that may produce side effect

Question 25

blood brain barrier

Answer 25

tight junction between cells of blood vessel in the CNS prevent the movement of large molecules can limit drug availability --> prevents bigger drugs from entering --> but non polar molecules can still pass easily

Question 26

metabolic tolerance

Answer 26

organ systems become more effective at eliminating drug

Question 27

functional tolerance

Answer 27

target tissue may alter sensitivity to durg by altering the number of receptors

Question 28

down regualtion

Answer 28

in response to an agonist --> less receptor

Question 29

up regulation

Answer 29

response to an antagonist --> more receptor

Question 30

cross tolerance

Answer 30

tolerance to one durg is generalized to other drugs

Question 31

drugs effect on pre synaptic neuron

Answer 31

trasnmitter production transmitter release autoreceptors affected transmitter clearance

Question 32

drugs effect on postsynaptic neurons

Answer 32

effect transmitter receptors alter intracellular postsynaptic processes

Question 33

antispychotics

Answer 33

blocking dopamine receptors to alleviate symtoms of schizophrenia -> block ability to orgasm

Question 34

atypical antipsychotics

Answer 34

act on other receptors other than d2 receptors --> may relieve symptoms resistant to typical antipsychotics

Question 35

antidepressants

Answer 35

used to treat disturbances of mood --> affective disorders

Question 36

monoamine oxidase

Answer 36

inhibitors prevent breakdown of monoamines at synapses

Question 37

tricyclic antidepressants

Answer 37

block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

Question 38

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Answer 38

prozac, celexa --> act specifically at serotonergic synapses

Question 39

anxiolytics

Answer 39

depressants, barbiturates, benzodiazepines

Question 40

depressants

Answer 40

reduce nervous system activity

Question 41

barbiturates

Answer 41

early sleep aids that depress nervous --> addictive and easy to overdose on

Question 42

benzodiazepines

Answer 42

agonist on GABA receptor and enhance their inhibitory effect

Question 43

opiates

Answer 43

morphine, heroine --> effective analgesic bidn to opioid receptors in the periaqueductal gray

Question 44

endogenous opioids

Answer 44

peptides produced in the brain --> enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins

Question 45

opioid receptors

Answer 45

delta, kappa, mu --> metabotropic recepotrs drugs that block these reverse the affects of opioids

Question 46

chief ingredient in marijuana

Answer 46

delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol

Question 47

effects of marijuana

Answer 47

relaxation, mood alterness, stimulation, paranoia heavy use --> respiratory and cognitive decline adolescent use --> increased risk of developing schizophrenia

Question 48

receptors of marijuana

Answer 48

cannabinoid receptors endocannabinoids --> analogs marijuana produced in brain --> anandamide

Question 49

stimulants

Answer 49

increase nervous activity --> increase exitatory input and decrease inhibitatory activity

Question 50

nicotine

Answer 50

stimulant --> increased heart rate, blood pressure, digestive action and alertness agonist of ACh receptors --> enhance cognitive functin and activate reward/addiction pathway

Question 51

cocaine

Answer 51

highly addictive --? blood reuptake of monoamine transmitter so their effects are boosted

Question 52

amphetamine

Answer 52

cause larger than normal release of transmitter at axon temrinals --> interfere with breakdown of transmitter; prolonged use can lead to symptoms like schizophrenia or brain damage

Question 53

alcohols effects

Answer 53

initial stimulant followed by depressant GABA and dopamine reward system

Question 54

fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 54

prolonge abuse of alcohol = permannent dmagae to fetus; binge drink can cause brain damage and reduce rate of neurogenesis

Question 55

hallucinogens

Answer 55

alter sensory preception and produce unusual experiences through diverse neural actions

Question 56

LSD

Answer 56

activates serotonin receptors --> produce mood changes, feelings of creativity and strong visual effects

Question 57

MDMA

Answer 57

sitmulates visual cortical serotonin receptors --> changes levels fo dopamine and prolactin logn term use cna cause mood and cognitive issues --> and have long lasting changes in brain activation patterns

Question 58

major models of drug abuse

Answer 58

moral model disease model physical dependence model positive reward model

Question 59

addictive drugs

Answer 59

cause dopamine release in nucleus accumbens --> involved in reward pathway another pathway may involve insula --> damage to this made people stop smoking easily