Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Trepanation

A

ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื—ืชืš ืขื™ื’ื•ืœื™ ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืื“ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืคืจืขื”. ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ื”ืžืฉืš ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”- 16.

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2
Q

ืื™ืš ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื•ื—?

A

ืœืคื ื™ 335 ืฉื ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื•ื— ื›ืžื• ืจื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื ื” ืœื•ื•ืกืช ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืœืงืจืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื.
ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืชื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืœื‘.

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3
Q

Connectomes

A

ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื“ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ืœืงื—ืช ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืขื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™?

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4
Q

Brainbow project

A

ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื’โ€™ื™, ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- 2000. ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ืฉืžืชื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืชืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื–ื•ืจ ืขโ€ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื.

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5
Q

Brain-Computer Interference (BMI)

A

ืชืจื’ื•ื ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืฉืช ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ืœืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื•ืช. ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืฉื™ืชื•ืงื™ื ืื• ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ื•ืข. ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื•ืช.

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6
Q

Blueprint Project

A

ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื ืœืžื“ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืชื ืขืฆื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืชื ืขืฆื‘. ืžืงื•ืจืจ ืขโ€ื™ ืื’ื, ืชื“ืžื™ื ื• ืื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ ืงื™ืจื•ืจ.

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7
Q

ืžื” ื˜ืขืŸ Galen?

A

ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ื–ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.

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8
Q

ืžื” ืื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื” ื•ืื‘ืŸ ืืœื ืคื™ืก ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช?

A

ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื”ืžื•ื—.

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9
Q

ื“ื•ืืœื™ื–ื

A

ื™ืฉ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื“ ืœื’ื•ืฃ.

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10
Q

ืžื” ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื“ืงืืจื˜?

A

ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื“ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ื•ืกืช ืขโ€ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืืฆื˜ืจื•ื‘ืœ Pineal gland ื”ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืจืžื•ืŸ ืžืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืžืขื’ืœื™ ืฉื™ื ื”, ื•ืฉื”ืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ืžื’ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื• ืฉื•ื ืชืคืงื™ื“.

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11
Q

ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื

A

ื”ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื”, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื—/ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื ืคืฉ. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.

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12
Q

Hepatic encephalopathy

A

ืžื—ืœื” ืฉื ื’ืจืžืช ืขโ€ื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ืช ื™ืชืจื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ.
ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื“.
ืžื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ mind body and brain.

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13
Q

ืžื” ื˜ืขืŸ Flourens?

A

ืืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ holism and not localization
ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื ื–ืง ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ื–ืง.
ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™.
ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื• ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืจืง ื‘ 10% ืžื”ืžื•ื—.

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14
Q

Phrenology and its limitations

A

ืœื•ืงืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, Gall & Spurzheim. ืœืžืžืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืคืช. ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื ื‘ื ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช.
ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช:
- ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืœื ืžืฉืงืคืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืชืช ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืœื™ื.
- ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขโ€ื™ ืžื™ืฉื•ืฉ ื”ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื.
- ืœื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™. ืื™ืŸ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขื ืœื–ื™ื•ืช.
- ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืžื•ืœื“ ื•ืœื ื ืœืžื“.

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15
Q

Broca and Wernicke (localization vs. holism?)

A

ื‘ืจื•ืงื”: ืœื•ืงืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื”ืคืงืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื”ืžื™ืกืคืจื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช left frontal lobe.

ื•ื•ืจื ื™ืงื”: ื”ื•ืœื™ื–ื. ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ื ื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื.
ื•ื•ืจื ื™ืงื” ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืจืฉืช ื•ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช connectionism
ื™ืฉ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™.

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16
Q

Disconnection syndromes

A

deficits result from lesion to connecting fibers between
brain regions. This is basically what Wernicke found.

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17
Q

Connectionism

A
  • The critical role of the connecting pathways.
  • Functions are distributed in networks.
  • Not localized nor equipotential.
  • Wernicke.
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18
Q

mass action

A

ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืกื” ื”ื ืคื’ืขืช ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื”ื™ื ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื”.

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19
Q

Equipotentiality

A

ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง ื•ืœืคืฆื•ืช (ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืคื’ืขื•)

20
Q

What came to replace serial models and boxlogy?

A

Parallel distributed processing models:

We know the input and output but not whatโ€™s in the internal representation units.

Interactivity.

Top-down processes.

Neural plausibility

Inhibition and excitation.

21
Q

Neural plausibility

A

for example, analog to how the neurons might be wired.

22
Q

Parkinson

A

ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ
ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™
ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืžื•ืงื“ ื‘- substania nigra ื•ืื– ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ืœ- ventral tegmentum area.

23
Q

Vascular disorders

A

ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื™ ื“ื (blood vessel) ืฉืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœืชืื™ ื”ืžื•ื—.
ื—ืœืง ืžื”- traumatic brain injuries.

24
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) - ืฉื‘ืฅ

A

ื—ืœืง ืžื”- vascular disorder
ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืคืจืขื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื“ื ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—.

25
Q

Infract/ necrosis

A

An area of dead tissue resulting from a stroke.

26
Q

Hypoxia

A

ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ืช.

27
Q

Anoxia

A

ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ืžืœื ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื™ื.

28
Q

Circle of Willis

A

ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืขื•ืจืงื™ ื“ื ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืขื’ืœ ืฉื ื‘ืžื•ื—. ื”ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 80% ืžื”ื“ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืžืงื‘ืœ. ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืขื’ืœื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืก ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื‘ืฅ. ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขื ืฉื‘ืฅ ื“ืจืš ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื.

29
Q

Ischemia

A

stroke caused by vessel blockage ื—ืกื™ืžื” ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืžืžื—ืกื•ืจ ืžืœื ืื• ื—ืœืงื™.

30
Q

Thrombosis

A

Ischemia; a clot that remains in place such as blood coagulation.

31
Q

Emboly

A

Ischemia; a clot brought through the blood from another vessel. ื‘ื•ืขืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืื• ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืื• ืชืื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ.

32
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Ischemia; thickening and hardening of arteries.

33
Q

Hemorrhage

A

stroke caused by massive bleeding into the brain.
Caused mainly by high blood pressure.
Abrupt onset.
May be fatal.

34
Q

Aneurysm

A

Hemorrhage; vascular dilation (balloon like) due to local defect in elasticity of vessel.

Weak and may rupture. ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉ ื•ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ

Congenital or acquired from hypertension - ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”.

Severe headache may result from pressure on dura.

35
Q

ืื™ืš ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช? ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉื’ื™ืœื•?

A

Dura, arachnoid, pia.
The fourth is the subarachnoid lymphatic like membrane (SLYM)
ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืœื›ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ืชื•ืš ืžื•ื—ื™.

36
Q

Cerebral/ cavernous angioma

A
  • Vascular malformation consisting of dilated, thin-walled capillaries.
  • They are of irregular structure. ืื™ ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
    Because they are weak may leak, leading to hemorrhage stroke.
  • Can be congenital ืžื•ืœื“
    ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช
37
Q

What are the types of traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

A

1) concussions
2) contusions (bruising)
3) penetrating
4) anoxic (severe oxygen deprivation)
5) diffuse axonal injury ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ ื•ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื
6) hypoxic brain injury
7) second impact syndrome SIS ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื™ื“ืขื›ื•, ืงื˜ืœื ื™.

38
Q

Hematoma

A

blood (clotted) caught within the skull.

39
Q

Edema

A

brain swelling due to accumulation of fluids.

40
Q

Acceleration and deceleration (coup countercoup injury)

A

ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘- diffuse axonal injury ื•ื‘ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื (ืงื“ื™ืžื”-ืื—ื•ืจื”).

41
Q

Infiltrating tumours

A

ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืชืื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื•ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืืœื•.

42
Q

Meningiomas

A

ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืืจื‘ืข ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื˜ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก,
not malignant,

43
Q

Gliomas

A

ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื (benign/ malignant)
ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ื” ื”ืชืžื•ื›ื™ื.
ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ 33% ืžื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช (ืื• ื‘ืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก, ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื—, ืื• ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”).

44
Q

Degenerative diseases

A

1-6% people over 65 years of age.
Memory, cognitive, occupational, and social impairments.
Gradual.

45
Q

Multi infract

A

ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื ื’ืจืžืช ืœื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉื‘ืฅ

46
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ืขืงื‘ ื”ืชื“ืœื“ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืืœื™ืŸ (ืขื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ืืงืกื•ื ื™ื).

47
Q

ื”ืื ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ?

A

ื›ืŸ