Lecture 1

Question 1

subjective data

Answer 1

what the pt tells you

Question 2

objective data

Answer 2

what you detect during examination

Question 3

standard precautions

Answer 3

all blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions (except sweat), non intact skin and mucous membranes may contain transmissible infectious agents.

Question 4

universal precautions

Answer 4

A set of guidelines designed to prevent transmission of HIV, HBV ad other blood borne pathogens

Question 5

Glasgow coma scale measures response to

Answer 5

eye opening, verbal responsiveness and motor response

Question 6

LOC scale

Answer 6

alert, lethargic, obtunded, stupor and coma

Question 7

mental retardation

Answer 7

small, rounded head, flattened nasal bridge, prominent epicanthal folds, small, low set, shell like ears, large tongue, hypotonia (decreased muscle tone), simian lines

Question 8

Cushings disease

Answer 8

increase adrenal cortisol production, moon face, flushing of cheeks, excessive hair growth and abdominal striae

Question 9

graves dx, hyperthyroidism

Answer 9

warm, moist, soft, velvety skin, thing hair, pretibial myxedema, hyperpigmentation, palpitations, anxiety

Question 10

hypothyroidism

Answer 10

dry, rough, pale skin. course, brittle hair. alopecia, thing brittle nails and fatigue.

Question 11

gigantism

Answer 11

increased growth hormone. elongated head, bony prominent forehead, enlarged soft tissues of the mouth, nose and ears.

Question 12

anorexia nervosa

Answer 12

refusal to maintain minimum body weight, CV disorders, metabolic disorders, dry skin, dental caries, delayed gastric emptying, constipation, anemia, osteoporosis, and amenorrhea.

Question 13

BMI stats

Answer 13

normal: 19-24
overweight: 25-29
obesity: greater then 30
undernourished: less then 19

Question 14

auscultatory gap

Answer 14

a silent interval that may be present between the systolic and diastolic BPs, the sound disappears for awhile then reappears

Question 15

orthostatic BP

Answer 15

take BP supine, then repeat 3 mins later standing. normal: systolic drops slightly/unchanged. diastolic rises slightly
orthostasis: systolic drops more then 30 and diastolic drops more then 10

Question 16

aortic regurgitation

Answer 16

the diastolic flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle. Large, bounding pulses with increased stroke V

Question 17

Paradoxical pulse

Answer 17

a decrease in the pulse’s amplitude on inspiration due to a pericardial tamponade, constrictive pericardiis and obstructive lung dx.
defined as a decrease in systolic BP more than 10 with inspiration signing fall in CO during inspiration

Question 18

ataxic breathing (Biot’s breathing)

Answer 18

characterized by unpredictable irregularity. Breaths may be shallow or deep and stop for short periods

Question 19

obstructive breathing

Answer 19

prolonged expiration because narrowed airways increase the resistance to air flow.

Question 20

Cheyne-stokes breathing

Answer 20

periods of deep breathing alternate with periods of apnea.

Question 21

oral temp compared to others

Answer 21

37/98.6 normal w/ diurnal variation
rectal is higher
axillary is lower
tympanic is higher

Question 22

fever

Answer 22

pyrexia (greater than 100.4) and hyperpyrexia (greater than 106)

Question 23

petechiae

Answer 23

small, round, red/brown lesions from hemorrhage into the skin and are present primarily in areas with high venous pressure. No blanching.

Question 24

macule/papule

Answer 24

macule: small flat spot (bigger: patch)
papule: small raised lesion (bigger: plaque)

Question 25

nodule

Answer 25

solid lesion more deeply rooted, palpable (bigger: tumor)

Question 26

most common cancer in the US

Answer 26

skin

Question 27

types of skin cancers

Answer 27

basal cell: 80% of skin cancers. shiny, rarely metastasize. squamous cell: 16% of skin cancers, crusted/scaly, can metastasize melanoma: 4% but with rapid spread

Question 28

ABCDE for mole screening

Answer 28

``` A: asymmetry B: irregular borders C color variation/change D: big diameter E: elevation/enlargement ```

Question 29

Two types of hair

Answer 29

Vellus: peace fuzz, independen of androgens, short, fine, non pigmented, covers most of body Terminal: thick, pigmented, head/beard/axilla/pubic areas, influenced by androgens.

Question 30

hirsutism

Answer 30

presence of terminal hairs in females with male like pattern

Question 31

alopecia areata

Answer 31

a common asymptomatic dx characterized by the rapid onset of total hair loss in a sharply defined, usually round area.

Question 32

eponychium

Answer 32

nail production

Question 33

nail change found in psoriasis

Answer 33

pitting

Question 34

onycholysis

Answer 34

separation of the nail plate from the nail bed

Question 35

leukonychia

Answer 35

white spots, common finding, possibly result from cuticle manipulation or other mild traumas

Question 36

Mees lines and Beau'es

Answer 36

white transverse lines t the time of acute illness; | nail grooves appear after a very serious illness

Question 37

koilonychia

Answer 37

spoon nails, can be a sign of hypochromic anemia, abnormally thin nail that loses convexity.

Question 38

terry's nails

Answer 38

nail bed is white with only narrow zone of pink at the distal end

Question 39

paronychia

Answer 39

painful, bright red swelling of the proximal and lateral nailfold due to infx (usually staph)

Question 40

onychomycosis

Answer 40

clip the mail plate to relieve pain and expose subungal material for KOH examination.