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Soils and Biogeography > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who defines soil as “the lose surface of the earth”

A

Foth (1978)

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2
Q

Soil is the uppermost layer of mineral and organic matter found on the earth’s surface. Whose words are these?

A

MacDonald(2003)

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3
Q

Soil is a dynamic natural body on the surface of the earth in which plants grow composed of mineral, organic material and living forms. Who gave this definition?

A

Buckman and Brady (1960)

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4
Q

Soil is found on the surface of the earth in which plants grow. Does that mean stagnant water bodies on which plants grow are also soil?

A

NO!

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5
Q

Soil according to Buckman and Brady’s definition must be…

A

organic, inorganic and living forms

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6
Q

Humus is an example of…

A

an organic material

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7
Q

Living forms that just be present in the soil are….

A

Fauna (insects, bacteria)

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8
Q

Soil is a weathered product of rocks and minerals weathering…which point of view is this?

A

Pedological point of view

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9
Q

Soil is the natural medium for plant growth. Which POV is this?

A

Agricultural POV

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10
Q

Soil is a foundation material for construction. Which POV is this?

A

Engineering POV

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11
Q

What percentages are the following soil composition.
1. Mineral component
2. Organic matter
3. Air
4. Water

A
  1. 45%
  2. 5%
  3. 25%
  4. 25%
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12
Q

Which soil composition provides mechanical supportand nutrients for the plant?

A

Mineral component

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13
Q

I am made up of plant and animal residues and living organisms, I affect physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. Who am I?

A

Organic Matter

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14
Q

Which composition prevents CO2 toxicity?

A

Air

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15
Q

I act as a reservoir for supplying plants with water, what am I?

A

Soil water

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16
Q

Soil formation is also known as

A

Pedogenesis

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17
Q

Soil formation begins with

A

The weathering of rocks or parent material

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18
Q

The breakdown of rocks, soils and minerals through physical, chemical and biological processes is called?

A

Weathering

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19
Q

What are the three types of weathering?

A

Physical, chemical and biological

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20
Q

A layer in the soul which measures parallel to the soil surface and possesses properties which differ from layers beneath and above is…

A

Soil horizon

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21
Q

The vertical sequence of soil horizons found at a given location is collectively called

A

Soil profile

22
Q

What are the processes involved in soil formation?

A

Transformations, translocations, additions and losses of materials

23
Q

What happens during transformations?

A

weathering and organic matter breakdown

24
Q

Moving of inorganic and organic materials from one horizon to another mostly by water and soil organisms is under what process in soil formation?

A

Translocations

25
Q

In the addition process

A

materials are added to the soil profile from outside such as organic matter from leaves, and dust

26
Q

How do losses of materials happen?

A

through erosion

27
Q

what capital letters are used to denote the master or main horizons

A

O, A, B, C, E

28
Q

Primarily dead organic litter. Most soils inhabit this layer

A

O layer

29
Q

Later rich in humus consisting of partly decomposed organic material mixed with mineral soil.

A

A layer (top soil)

30
Q

Region of leaching minerals from the soil

A

E layer

31
Q

What is Eluviation ?

A

The downward movement of dissolved or suspended material within the soil by leaching.

32
Q

which region or layer has little organic material?

A

B

33
Q

Clay minerals and oxides of aluminum and iron leached out of the overlying E horizon are sometimes deposited in which horizon?

A

B horizon

34
Q

Which major soil horizon has primarily weakly altered material similar to the parent material?

A

C horizon

35
Q

I have calcium and magnesium carbonates accumulating in my layer, sometimes forming hard, impenetrable layers. What am I?

A

C horizon

36
Q

Unaltered parent material such as rock can be found in horizon….

A

R

37
Q

What are the four major soil orders representing ages and stages of soil development?

A

Entisol, Inceptisol, Alfisol and Ultisol

38
Q

Entisol is a…

A

recently developed soil where weathering hasn’t exactly started.

39
Q

What small layers are in the Entisol?

A

O, A, C, R

40
Q

What dominant bottom layer is in the Entisol?

A

Layer R

41
Q

Inceptisol marks the…

A

Inception of soil formation.

42
Q

What happens to the layers in inceptisols?

A

Layer B appears, C grows larger and R becomes smaller

43
Q

Alfisols are…

A

halfway weathered soils

44
Q

what happens to the layers in the Alfisol

A

layers B and C continue to grow as layer R continues to shrink

45
Q

Ultisol is the….

A

ultimate result of weathering

46
Q

In the final stage of the major soil orders, what happens to the existing layers?

A

Layer R disappears completely, layer E has appeared and layers B and C have continued to grow.

47
Q

All soils have horizons mentioned in this lecture, true or false?

A

False

48
Q

Variations of soil profiles are due to…

A

differences in soil-forming factors

49
Q

Variations of soil profiles are due to…

A

differences in soil-forming factors

50
Q

not a question but shortcut to remember.
O, A, E, B, C, R

A

O- organic horizon
A- top soil
E- Eluviation horizon
B- subsoil
C- Parent material
R- bedrock

51
Q

What is the sentence we made out of the characteristics of major soil horizons?

A

Oh Alpha Ends Beta Career Regardless

52
Q

Biota is…

A

vegetation or humus and burrowing animals

Soils and Biogeography (9 decks)

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