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Soils and Biogeography > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Texture, structure, color and porosity are all ________ properties of a soil

A

physical

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2
Q

If organic matter in a soil is removed or destroyed, mineral particles of the soil _______

A

remain

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3
Q

Soil particles are divided into______ based on the_______of the particles

A

sand, silt and clay, diameter

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4
Q
  1. Clay has less than ___ diameter
  2. Silt has between ___ and ___ diameter
  3. Sand has between _____ and _____diameter
A
  1. 2u
  2. 2u and 60u
  3. 60u and 2000u
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5
Q

The relative percentages of sand, silt and clay in a soil refers to…….

A

Soil texture

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6
Q

Texture is loosely described using the…..

A

fine-course range

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7
Q

Normal soil consists of…..

A

sand, silt and clay particles

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8
Q

Soil with over 40% clay particles, less than 40% silt and less than 45% sand is described as……

A

Clay

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9
Q

Soil with between 70% and 90% sand, less than 30% silt and 15% clay is ……..

A

Loamy soil

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10
Q

Texture can be determined by……

A

Feel, Laboratory, the use of Textural Triangle or by manipulative

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11
Q

Soil Texture Triangle compares the composition of soil particles to determine the……

A

soil type

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12
Q

Fine textured soils has more pore space than coarse textured soils because……

A

You can pack more small particles into a unit volume than larger ones.

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13
Q

Fine textured soil drains slower/faster than as coarse textured soil.

A

slower

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14
Q

Fine textured soils holds ______water than coarse textured soils.

A

more

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15
Q

The degree of connectivity between soil pores is known as______

A

Permeability

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16
Q

A highly permeable soil is one in which water runs through quite readily. True or False?

A

True

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17
Q

Coarse textured soils tend to have large, well connected pore spaces. Will permeability be high or low?

A

High

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18
Q

The arrangement of soil parts and pore spaces between then is referred to as……

A

soil structure

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19
Q

Soil particles are arranged in small rounded units. What is this called?

A

Granular

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20
Q

Soil particles are arranged to dorm block-like units which are about as wide as they are high or long is called……

A

Blocky

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21
Q

Blocky soils are common in

A

subsoil

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22
Q

Soil particles are arranged in plate-like sheets which are approximately horizontal in the soil is

A

Platy

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23
Q

Soil particle in this type of soil structure are arranged into large peds with long vertical axis.

A

Prismatic

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24
Q

The greater the degree of aggregation, the ______pore spaces available to ________ to the plant roots.

A

more, supply air and water

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25
Q

Soil aggregation is important for increasing stability against _______

A

soil erosion

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26
Q

Soil color reflects an integration of ___________________ processes that have taken place within the soil.

A

Physical, chemical and biological

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27
Q

Surface soils with high amount of organic matter have __________colors

A

Black or dark brown (humus)

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28
Q

A surface soil with lighter color can be associated with the __________where most leaching has taken place.

A

E horizon or Eluviation

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29
Q

Subsoil color also indicates

A

minerals present

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30
Q

Iron tends to give _______colors

A

red or yellow bright

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31
Q

Black color in subsoil may indicate the presence of _______

A

manganese

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32
Q

Color can tell us about drainage. Soils that are poorly drained usually have______colors

A

grey

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33
Q

The term _______is used when several colors are present in a given soil.

A

Mottling

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34
Q

Soils which are wet in their upper layers for a long period of time are referred to as ____

A

Hydric soils

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35
Q

Drainage mottled in hydric soils are termed

A

Redoximorphic features

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36
Q

Soil color is used to classify various soils of the world into groups. Is this true?

A

Yes

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37
Q

Black color of the surface of soil way indicate the presence of _______and for that matter a _______fertility.

A

Humus, high fertility

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38
Q

Dark brown or black soil indicates the soil has _______organic content.

A

high

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39
Q

Red or yellow soil indicates the presence of what minerals?

A

Oxidized ferric iron oxides.

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40
Q

Black soil indicates the presence of which mineral?

A

Manganese oxides

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41
Q

Which mineral makes soil green?

A

Glauconite

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42
Q

Soil color also gives an indication of _______condition

A

drainage or moisture

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43
Q

Grey mottles indicate_______

A

poor drainage

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44
Q

Wet soils are _______ than dry soils.

A

darker

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45
Q

An iron potassium phyllo silicate mineral if characteristic green color which is very friable and has very low weathering resistance is a ________

A

Glauconite

46
Q

The amount of pore spaces between soil particles is referred to as _______

A

soil porosity

47
Q

Pore greater than 0.075mm are termed as

A

macro pores

48
Q

Pores with equivalent diameter of 0.075 - 0.03mm are termed as

A

meso pores

49
Q

Pores smaller than 0.03mm in diameter are called

A

micro pores

50
Q

Soil texture and structure influence porosity, true or false?

A

true

51
Q

Coarse textured soils have many _______pores

A

macro

52
Q

Fine textured soils have more ______ pores.

A

micro

53
Q

Fine textures soils have _______total porosity than coarse textured soils.

A

greater

54
Q

Due to the dominance of macro pores in coarse textured sandy soils, movement of water and air can be very fast despite its low total porosity. True or false?

A

True

55
Q

Fine textured soils especially those without a stable granular structure may have reduced water movement even though they have a large volume of total pore space. Is this true?

A

Yes

56
Q

Fine textured soils absorb ________amount of water and their small pore spaces do not allow water to drain freely.

A

relatively large

57
Q

Do fine textured soils hold more water than coarse textured soils?

A

Yes

58
Q

Not all the moisture retained in clayey soils is readily ________ to plants.

A

available

59
Q

As micropores in fine textured clay soils are often full of water, aeration especially in the subsoil can _________for root development.

A

Inadequate

60
Q

The properties of soil may vary according to the ……

A

condition of its formation and the rocks from which it came from.

61
Q

A granite rock breaks down to form coarse sand which is/is not fertile.

A

Is not fertile

62
Q

Basalt rocks breaks down to form clay soil which is or is not suitable for most forms of agriculture. Which is which?

A

It is suitable

63
Q

Patent material affects two soil properties namely……..

A

soil texture and soil color

64
Q

Granite, a slow weathering rock produces…..

A

sandy soil

65
Q

Shale, an easily weathered rock forms……

A

Clay-rich soils.

66
Q

Light grey colors in subsoil can be inherited from the parent material……

A

Quartz

67
Q

Which patent material imprints a black color to the subsoil horizons?

A

Basalt

68
Q

Extreme weathering in warm moist climates (HR + HT) lead to the production of ……

A

fine textured soils

69
Q

Climate influences soil texture and contributes to the development soil profile. True of false?

A

True

70
Q

Precipitation influences horizon development factors, such as_____

A

translocation of dissolved ions through the soil by leaching

71
Q

Time influences soil________

A

texture, leaching and acidity

72
Q

Older soils are_____

A

clayey, more leached and acidic

73
Q

A soil’s maturity does not only depend on the number of years that it has taken to form. Is this true?

A

Yes

74
Q

A soils’s age is determined by______

A

an interaction between time and the other soil forming factors.

75
Q

In warm moist climates, soils attain maturity……..slower/faster?

A

faster

76
Q

The degree of acidity or alkalinity of a soil is referred to as soil _______

A

PH

77
Q

A measure of hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in a soil is referred to as_____

A

soil PH

78
Q

PH scales range from

A

0 to 14

79
Q

pH values below 7 are considered …..

A

Acidic

80
Q

pH values above 7 are considered……

A

alkaline or basic

81
Q

Good agricultural soils have a soils pH between

A

5 and 7

82
Q

Soil becomes acidic when basic cations like calcium are……

A

leached from it and replaced by aluminum ions

83
Q

Soils that develop under high rainfall conditions and abundant vegetative cover tend to be acidic because of……

A

high rate of leaching and high organic matter content

84
Q

Acidic soils have _______levels of hydrogen

A

very high

85
Q

Acidic soils are good for crop production. True or false?

A

False

86
Q

Alkaline soils are sometimes not good for crop production why?

A

They contain significant amount of sodium that may exceed the tolerances of plants.

87
Q

The net ability of a soil to hold, retain and exchange cation such as calcium, potassium, magnesium and sodium is referred to as……

A

Cation Exchange Capacity

88
Q

Cations are…..

A

positively charged ions

89
Q

The finest clay and organic matter particles are referred to as soil…..

A

Colloids

90
Q

Colloids are ……. charged.

A

Negatively

91
Q

Soil surface has a net …….charge

A

negative

92
Q

The negatively charged colloids attract ……… such as Calcium, Potassium, magnesium and sodium to prevent their leaching.

A

cations or positively charged ions

93
Q

If there are more electrons than protons, the net charge on the object is …….

A

negative

94
Q

A soil with a relatively high Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) is likely to have a _____organic matter content.

A

high

95
Q

A soil with higher CEC is more fertile than a soil with lower CEC. True or False.

A

True

96
Q

Soils with higher CEC values tend to have ……. clay and silt particles.

A

higher

97
Q

Coarse-textured sandy souls generally have ……….CEC value.

A

low

98
Q

Parent materials rich in soluble ions such as magnesium, sodium, potassium, calcium are easily dissolved in water made available to plant. Is this true?

A

Yes

99
Q

The soluble ions are…..

A

Sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium

100
Q

If parent material is low in soluble ions, water moving through the soil may remove excess bases and replace then with hydrogen ions, making the soil ……… and …….. for crop production.

A

Acidic, unsuitable

101
Q

Soils developed over sandstone are generally…….in soluble bases and …….in texture which promotes leaching

A

low, coarse

102
Q

Climate fully determines the type of pedogenic processes. True or False?

A

False, it only partly determines.

103
Q

Heavy rainfalls promotes …….. in warm moist climates.

A

Lacterization

104
Q

Salinization occurs in ……..

A

warm and dry environments eg; desert climates

105
Q

Podzolization occurs in ………. under coniferous vegetation.

A

Temperate to cold moist climates like the colder part of humid continental subarctic climates.

106
Q

High summer rainfall and acidic solution from decayed coniferous litter promotes …… of the top soil (A and E horizons)

A

leaching

107
Q

The upper portion of a B horizon of …….. is stained ……… due to the accumulation of iron oxides in that zone.

A

Podzol, reddish color

108
Q

The laterite soil is formed ……..which leads to soil leaching leaving only oxides of iron and aluminum.

A

under conditions of high temperature and heavy rainfall with alternate wet and dry periods

109
Q

Climate partly determines soil ………..as it controls leaching.

A

pH values

110
Q

Desert soils have low concentration of organic matter because of …….

A

scarce vegetation

111
Q

Bacterial activity is impeded by very low temperatures in the ……… regions

A

tundra

Soils and Biogeography (9 decks)

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