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AUDE 5410 Aud-Vestib Disorders > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

divides the brain into superior and inferior parts

A

horizontal/axial slice

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2
Q

another name for horizontal slice

A

axial slice

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3
Q

describe the horizontal slice

A

divides the brain into superior and inferior parts

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4
Q

like slicing bread

A

coronal slice

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5
Q

how is a CT/MRI image viewed

A

as if you are looking at the PT
as if the PT is lying on their back and their feet are directed towards you (you are standing at the PT’s feet)f

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6
Q

why are the eyes dark on imaging

A

there is fluid present in them

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7
Q

divides the body into left and right

A

sagittal slice

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8
Q

any vertical plane that divides the body into front and back

A

coronal/frontal slice

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9
Q

can audiologists order imaging

A

no
we can refer to the physician and recommend the tests are ordered for xyz reasons

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10
Q

Lab tests are helpful in

A

evaluating the health status of an individual

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11
Q

if your readings are abnormal, does that mean it is actually abnormal?

A

not necessarily
5% of healhty PT’s falls outside the normal range

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12
Q

reasons for abnormal results

A

Race
Diet
Age
Gender
Menstrual cycle
Degree of physical activity
Problems with collection/handling of the specimen
Use of non-prescription drugs
Use of prescription drugs
Alcohol intake
Illnesses

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13
Q

why are the norms based off of caucasians?

A

a lot of medical testing and research is done in first world countries and that is why data is based off of caucasians

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14
Q

what do blood tests test for

A

Blood sugar levels
Cholesterol levels
Infections
Electrolyte (potassium, chloride, etc.) imbalance
Minerals (e.g., calcium and phosphate)
Hemoglobin levels
Cardiac function
Renal function
Hepatic function
Markers for some diseases such as cancers and arthritis
Genetic tests

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15
Q

why is genetic testing performed in humans

A

Diagnose/rule out a genetic condition

Diagnose/rule out viral infection such as the novel Corona virus

Presymptomatic or predictive testing
Identifies the presence of variant genes that cause disease or increase disease risk, even if someone appears to be healthy

Establish risk factors for inherited diseases

Establish paternity

Prenatal diagnosis of genetic conditions

Medico-legal cases

Pharmacogenomics testing to predict the response to certain medications

Transplantation testing to determine whether an organ or tissue is a match for the transplant between a donor and recipient

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16
Q

what is A1C

A

hemoglobin test
blood cells replenish every 180 days so extra glucose is in your blood, because they have this turn around, it tells the avg of glucose over this period, more accurate marker for diabetes, gives a dynamic range

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17
Q

what can be an effect in elderly with low potassium if electrolytes are out of whack

A

affects the heart
& hearing

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18
Q

do they test an entire genome?

A

no
have to look for a specific gene and they will say whether you have it or not

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19
Q

How do you know if you have corona?

A

looked at genetics of the virus to see what you have

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20
Q

what is pharmacogenomics testing

A

talor making medicine to suit chemical makeup -
this will work for me or it won’t
asthma medicine will close the airways instead of opening them up during an attack

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21
Q

new branch of medicine combining genetics & pharmacology to create the best outcomes of medicine -

A

pharmacogenomics testing

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22
Q

Urine test/analysis is used to detect

A

Urinary tract infection
Kidney and bladder disease
Drug use/abuse, etc.

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23
Q

long term diabetes affects structures that have

A

capillaries (tiny blood vessels) & high blood flow (very vascular)

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24
Q

kidney failure is one of the major symtpms of this

A

diabetes

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25
what is albumin in your urine
low levels can indicate kidney dysfunction
26
protein uria =
kidneys are not fxning well
27
risk averse in america, why?
because Dr. can be sued so they go for the more expensive tests to make sure they do not miss anything
28
why do Dr.s choose MRI over an ABR for vestib schwanomas?
they will choose an MRI over the ABR (sensitivity is not as high in ABR than an MRI) and insurance would pay for the MRI but not ABR
29
what deters good medicine in the us?
transportation and cost
30
cheapest, around for a long time, limited use because of the other ones that give more info
x ray
31
3 main imaging techniques
x ray ct mri
32
which imaging has radiation
ct & xray
33
when you get a mammogram, is that a screening or diagnostic?
screening test screen, mri, then biopsy
34
what is a biopsy
anything that is removed from the body to find the presence, cause or extent of a disease examination of tissue, such as liver, bone, and tumors, removed from the body to discover the presence, cause, or extent of a disease
35
what is the GOLD STANDARD
biopsy
36
what is the most expensive and invasive test
biopsy
37
why do patient's postpone procedures?
they do not have the $ to cover it
38
form of electromagnetic radiation, like visible light
x ray
39
have higher energy and can pass through most objects, including the body
x rays
40
what are medical x rays used to do
used to generate images of tissues and structures inside the body
41
How does an image form on an x ray
x ray travels through the body and passes through the x ray detector on the other side of the PT, creating an image that represents a shadow formed by objects in the body
42
what structures are the best for x ray. why
bony structures it is hard so it weakens the light and shines as a lighter shadow and makes it more clear on an x ray
43
if you suspect a fracture of ossicles or otosclerosis they will do what
a CT not an x ray because they are so tiny you cannot see on this
44
what is a CT
combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles around the body
45
how does a ct work
uses computer processing to create cross-sectional images (slices) of the bones, blood vessels and soft tissues inside the body
46
what does ct stand for
computerized tomography
47
what is a ct used for
diagnose disease or injury, and to plan medical, surgical, or radiation treatment
48
Each CT rotation yields
several images of thin slices of the body part being investigated
49
what is a CT with a contrast
iodine injected in the veins and shows up differently is there a blockage?
50
drawback of CTs
exposed to more radiation
51
explain contrast done in ct
Contrast material blocks X-rays and appears white on images, which can help emphasize blood vessels, intestines, or other structures
52
how can contrast be taken
mouth iv enema
53
can contrast material cause allergic reactions?
yes, iodine based material
54
what does a ct image depend on
density of the tissue
55
what color is air on ct
black
56
what is more black on ct
fat
57
shades of grey on ct
fluid, blood, muscle, soft tissues
58
what is white on a ct
bone
59
what are the advantages of ct
Usually, a higher resolution than X-ray or MRI Bone is seen better with CT for example, ossicles Bone and air are well differentiated with CT It is cheaper and faster Better tolerated
60
what are some disadvantages of ct
Ionizing radiation; same risk as X-rays Metal can present as artifact Poorer soft tissue contrast, for example, nerves More adverse reactions to the IV CT iodine-based contrast material used; greater risk of allergic reactions and renal problems CT images are acquired only in the axial/horizontal plane
61
use extremely powerful magnets combined with electromagnetic fields and coils which produce radio waves, to produce detailed images of organs and tissues in the body
MRI
62
what does mri stand for
magnetic resonance imaging
63
based on the magnetization properties of atomic nuclei
mri
64
what is the cheapest option
x ray
65
What is T1 weighted MRI
Enhances the signal of the fatty tissue and suppresses the signal of the water
66
what is t2 weighted MRI
Enhances the signal of the water
67
how can you easily differentiate T1 & T2
by looking at the CSF
68
CSF is dark
T1
69
CSF is bright
T2
70
colors
fMRI
71
more blood flow to the area
more color on fMRI
72
Fat is bright and fluid is dark
T1
73
Fluid is bright on
T2
74
which is ideal for picking up tissue edema
t2
75
what is used in fmri
t2
76
what is the fmri
allows visualization of neural activity in the brain by detecting areas of increased blood flow
77
Bone and air are dark on
all sequences
78
Bone marrow is bright on
T1
79
what is the unit of measurement quantifying strength of magnetic field of an MRI
tesla (T)
80
what are the tesla ranges
.5-3.0 T 1.5 T is most common
81
what is the highest strength in humans of an mri
10 T (university of minnesota in 2018)
82
what are higher teslas available for
research
83
how are CIs affected by MRIs
have to take off the external magnet, the internal magnet and put the Cochlear Nucleus Implant bandage & splint kit you can go into a 1.5T if you have to go up to 3 T you have to have the implanted magnet removed surgically
84
how are BAHA affected by mri
remove sound processor new device approved for up to 3 T
85
what disorder is an ABI used for
Bilateral schwanomas = NF2 = sacrifices both cochlear nerves, so ABI is the procedure
86
the only FDA approval use for ABI
NF2 (neurofibromatosis)
87
how is ABI affected by MRI
outer magnet is removed and can withstand up to 1.5T it is designed to be compatible with mri higher level mri is contraindicated and unable to perform because it will cause tissue damage
88
advantages of mri
most used in neurology and neurosurgery (head and neck issues) escellent tissue contrast contrast material (dye-iodine vs. gadolinium) detection is superior to the CT scan, also non-iodine-based gadolinium causes less allergic reactions and renal problems visualize anatomy in all three planes; axial (horizontal), sagittal, and coronal posterior fossa is more easily visualized on MRI than CT No ionizing radiation required; no radiation risks Non-invasive More sensitive for tumor detection and detection of small soft tissue structures than CT scan Detection of acute ischemic stroke (within 12 hours of onset) Sensitive to detection of old blood, e.g., hemorrhagic strokes
89
higher teslas are more expensive
yes
90
disadvantages of mri
Expensive It cannot distinguish between air and compact bone Longer exam time than CT - no movement for 3 to 7 minutes Metal artifacts Patients may suffer from claustrophobia
91
are open mri units as sensitive
may not be
92
blood vessel ruptures and blood pools into the brain & more common
hemmorragic
93
blood supply to part of the brain is blocked or reduced & less common
ischemic
94
what are contraindications of MRI
implanted electrical devices such as pacemakers, CIs, & ABIs
95
if you are suspecting an acoustic neuroma, what do you do
recommend an MRI
96
nerve visualization
MRI
97
Congenital bony anomalies, dehiscence, bone lesions (osteospongiosis), otosclerosis
CT
98
Cholesteatoma and middle ear tumors
both ct and Mri
99
Pre-operation evaluation for cochlear implant
Usually CT but MRI can be used too
100
Trauma such as skull fractures
CT
101
Mastoiditis, malignant otitis, strokes, cholesterol granuloma, arterial and venous anomalies, pulsatile tinnitus
CT & MRI
102
what is pulsatile tinnitus
tinnitus that follows the heart beat
103
i hear my heart in my ears
pulsatile tinnitus
104
why is pulsatile an issue?
it is not an ear problem it is a blood vessel problem Carotids obstruction etc. can lead to heart issues, strokes, etc.

AUDE 5410 Aud-Vestib Disorders (18 decks)

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