Lecture 1

Question 1

What is life?

Answer 1

Is an emergent property of a particular arrangement of certain molecules.
response to the env
Exchange of material with env
Metabolism
Growth
Reproduction

Question 2

What is the cell?

Answer 2

Cell is the fundamental unit of living things

Question 3

Two types of cells

Answer 3

Prokaryotic cell: no true nucleus (ex: bacteria)
Eukaryotic cell: have a true nucleus (ex: algae, we are…)

Question 4

Unicellular

Answer 4

Each cell carries out all life processes

Question 5

Multicellular

Answer 5

Made up of many cells with different cells specialized to perform different functions.

Question 6

What are prokaryotic cells?

Answer 6

Prokaryotic cells can’t be multicellular are mostly monocellular.

Question 7

Size comparison between plant cell, animal cell and bacterium

Answer 7

Plant cell > animal cell > bacterium

Question 8

Whats the size of most eukaryotic cells

Answer 8

Most eukaryotic cells are around 10^-4m and 10^-5m (100-10 micrometer).

Question 9

When does surface to volume ratio increases?

Answer 9

Surface to volume ratio increases the smaller something gets.

Question 10

Why are cells small?

Answer 10

Cells are small because they require a high surface to volume ratio to exchange materials with their environment.

Question 11

What is the cell full of? (prokaryotic cell, bacterial)

Answer 11

Cell is full of a semi-fluid aka cytosol.

Question 12

What is cytosol?

Answer 12

a complex mixture of enzyme and many other molecules in water. Many chemical reactions take place here.

Question 13

Cytosol pic

Question 14

What is the plasma membrane/cell membrane?

Answer 14

A boundary between cell and environment. Two parts are non-polar tails (two fatty acids) and one part is a polar head, also called a phospholipid. The polar head will stick to the water molecules with hydrogen bonds. The non-polar tails turn around and face each other, it creates a phospholipid bilayer.

Question 15

What does the Phospholipid bilayer do?

Answer 15

It controls what comes and goes out of the cell.

Question 16

What is the Phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 16

a two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane

Question 17

Phospholipid bilayer image here

Answer 17

Phospholipid bilayer

Question 18

What does the non-polar layer do?

Answer 18

The non-polar layer makes it relatively impermeable to polar molecules. When a polar molecule comes close, it gets pulled back (attention: not pushed by the membrane), have trouble crossing it.

Question 19

How do non-polar molecules diffuse?

Answer 19

However, non-polar molecules (ex: O2, CO2, lipids) diffuse through freely.

Question 20

How do small polar molecules diffuse?

Answer 20

Small polar molecules (ex: H2O, ethanol) diffuse through much more slowly

Question 21

How do larger polar molecules and ions diffuse?

Answer 21

larger polar molecules (ex: glucose) and ions diffuse through hardly at all.

Question 22

What are embedded in the plasma membrane?

Answer 22

There are proteins embedded in the plasma membrane.

Question 23

The plasma membrane is…

Answer 23

a semi-permeable membrane

Question 24

What and how is constantly moving along the membrane?

Answer 24

Proteins and phospholipids are constantly moving along the membrane as it is fluid.

Question 25

What are the four types of proteins along the membrane?

Answer 25

Channel protein, gated channel proteins, Carrier proteins, Active transport protein.

Question 26

What is the channel protein?

Answer 26

AllowS certain molecules to pass through. Don’t have any control on direction of movement. Only very specific molecules are allowed to pass through (depends on size and chemical properties of amino acids making up the channel).

Question 27

What are aquaporins?

Answer 27

Are channel proteins that allow water to pass through.

Question 28

What are gated channel proteins?

Answer 28

Same but the only diff is that it can open and close (they have a gate).

Question 29

What are carrier proteins?

Answer 29

pick up a specific molecule, flip around and release it on the other side, no control on direction of movement (but goes both ways). Is used for bigger molecules.

Question 30

Which proteins facilitate diffusion and apply passive transport?

Answer 30

Channel protein, Gated channel proteins and Carrier proteins facilitate diffusion, don’t put things into or out of the cell, called passive transport.

Question 31

What are active transport proteins?

Answer 31

functions like a carrier protein BUT it uses energy from the cell in the form of ATP in order to function and they move materials in a specific direction

Question 32

Ribosomes

Answer 32

are the site of protein synthesis (aka making)

Question 33

Nucleoid

Answer 33

Where there is most of the genetic information in a prokaryotic cell. Made of a single loop double-stranded DNA.

Question 34

Cell wall

Answer 34

Is rigid, gives cell shape and protects it from bursting.

Question 35

Flagellum

Answer 35

Rotates to provide mobility

Question 36

Thylakoid

Answer 36

Provides a membrane for photosynthesis

Question 37

Capsule

Answer 37

Sticky, protects cell from attack or dehydration

Question 38

Plasmid

Answer 38

Accessory genetic information

Question 39

nucleus and prokaryotic cell

Answer 39

Prokaryotic cells: no true nucleus

Question 40

Nucleus and Eukaryotic cell

Answer 40

Eukaryotic cells: have a true nucleus

Question 41

Unicellular

Answer 41

Each cell carries out all life processes

Question 42

Bacterial Cells

Answer 42

no true nucleus no endoplasmic reticulum no Golgi apparatus no mitochondria no chloroplasts no vesicles or vacuoles no centrosome

Question 43

Animal Cells

Answer 43

no cell wall no plasmodesmata no chloroplasts no central vacuole

Question 44

Plant Cells

Answer 44

no centrosome no lysosomes cell wall: cellulose

Question 45

Fungal Cells

Answer 45

eukaryotic cell wall: chitin pores between cells no plasmodesmata no centrosome no chloroplasts