lecture 5

Question 1

Cyclic electron flow:

Answer 1

(like the electron transport chain but for photosynthesis)

Question 2

where does calvin cycle takes place for both type of cells?

Answer 2

Calvin cycle takes place in the cytosol in the prokaryote cells
in Eukaryote cells it happensin the stroma of the chloroplast

Question 3

How does the calvin cycle start?

Answer 3

The cycle starts with carbon dioxide

Question 4

The energy in the reactions of the calvin cycle is being supplied by

Answer 4

The energy in the reactions of the cycle is being supplied by Atp becoming ADP and NADPH becoming NADP+. Needs ATP to run. Otherwise it can’t create NADP.

Question 5

explain the calvin cycle

Answer 5

Carbon dioxide joins C5 which is RuBP and turns into C6.
ATP turns into ADP and NADPH turns into NADP. Then creating 2C3.
That’s how we get Glucose C6

Question 6

How many times does the calvin cycle occur?

Answer 6

The calvin cycle occurs six times this requires 12 ATP and 12 ADP and 12 NADPH and 12 NADP+

Question 7

In the calvin cycle 1 glucose produces?

Answer 7

FOR 1 GLUCOSE: 12 NADPH AND 18 ATP

Question 8

Photosynthesis

Answer 8

It’s the use of light energy to synthesize carbohydrates (especially sugar) out of CO2 and water
- There are 2 stages of this process
1. Light reactions of photosynthesis (light dependent) 2. Calvin cycle (dark/light-independent reactions)

Question 9

What is happening in photosynthesis?

Answer 9

linear and cyclical flow is happening in photosynthesis

Question 10

Photosynthesis is the exact reverse of

Answer 10

Photosynthesis is the exact reverse of cellular respiration

Question 11

Example of prokaryote

Answer 11

Bacteria

Question 12

How does cell division occur in the prokaryotic cell (bacteria) ?

Answer 12

We focus on the genetic material in the nucleoid – need to make sure
that the daughter cells have a complete set of genetic information
- At some point a chemical trigger occurs in the call that causes it to
divide
o Before it does this the cell needs to have 2 identical copies of its
DNA
- Each of the DNA copies will be
anchored to opposite sides of
the cell
- The cell then closes the cell wall
down the middle resulting in 2 clones of the original cell
o In theory they should be genetically identical to each other
- This is process is called binary fission

Question 13

What other typ e of cell goes through cell divisions? role of cell division?

Answer 13

Eukaryotic cells go through cell divisions too. Cell divisions can happen for growth, for repair of damage, replacement of blood cells. Can play a lot of roles in eukaryotic division.

Question 14

What is the cell cycle?

Answer 14

is a sequence of events where cells grow and divide. This is slower in eukaryotic cells than prokaryote cells.

Question 15

What is mitotic phase?

Answer 15

Cell division happens during this phase.

Question 16

What is the interphase?

Answer 16

its the time between the cell division

Question 17

What is the first part of the interphase called?

Answer 17

The first part of they interphase is called Gap 1. The cell is growing.

Question 18

What happens after G1?

Answer 18

as the cell is growing there is a trigger that causes it to change into the S period which stands for the synthesis of DNA. DNA replication happens in the S phase

Question 19

What happens after S phase?

Answer 19

Then the G2 phase occurs which is gap 2. In G2 the cell is growing and making its final preparations for mitosis.

Question 20

What happens after G2?

Answer 20

The Mitotic phase comes next and its the division of the nucleus. During mitosis the nucleus is going to divide.

Question 21

What comes after mitotic phase?

Answer 21

After mitosis comes Cytokinesis which is the division of the cytoplasm.

Question 22

What makes up the interphase?

Answer 22

G1, S AND G2 MAKES UP THE INTERPHASE

Question 23

Mitotic phase is split into?

Answer 23

Mitotic phase is split into mitosis and is split prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase (PPMAT)

Question 24

What is the chromatin?

Answer 24

1. Chromatin
   a. A material where most
   of the genetic information of the cell is found
   b. Made of several diffuse chromosomes
   c. Each chromosome is 1
   double stranded DNA molecule
   d. Made up of DNA and protein

Question 25

Example of a eukaryote

Answer 25

Animals

Question 26

what does the interphase include?

Answer 26

The interphase includes the G1 , then we go into the S period, then G2 needs two centrosomes for mitosis.

Question 27

What happens after the interphase?

Answer 27

The mitotic phase begins

Question 28

What happens in the mitotic phase?

Answer 28

Chromosomes condense and the nucleolus disperses and the spindle begins to form around the centrosomes. The spindle is a reorganized cytoskeleton.

Question 29

What happens during the metaphase?

Answer 29

The metaphase has the chromosomes lining up at the middle of the cell. The metaphase plate is a disk aligning in the middle of the cell.

Question 30

What happen after metaphase?

Answer 30

Anaphase: The two chromatids are pulled apart and are now individual chromosomes o Identical copies of each chromosome being pulled to each side of the cell o Cell also tends to elongate (oval shape) because the centrosomes are stretching the bers of the cell o Each former chromatid is now a chromosome

Question 31

What happens after anaphase?

Answer 31

Telophase The chromosomes start to disperse o The nucleoli forms o The nuclear envelopes assemble o The spindle is breaking up and returning to its role as the cytoskeleton o Cytokinesis usually underway at this point o There will be the same amount of chromosomes as there were in the original parent cell

Question 32

What happens after telophase? and what happens during the phase following telophase?

Answer 32

Cytokinesis the plasma membrane pinches the cytoplasm in two. The cleavage ferrowe is where the membrane is pinching in and it gets pulled in farther and farther and it pinches the membrane in two. The two cells are the clones of the original cell. Same chromosomes, same dna..

Question 33

What happens during prophase?

Answer 33

Prophase o Plant cells don’t have centrosomes, but they have structures on the nuclear envelope that perform the same function o Chromosomes condensing o Nucleolus dispersing o Spindles starts to developed

Question 34

What is the metaphase plate?

Answer 34

the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate in the middle. The spindles continue to pull on the chromosomes until they split (the chromatids then become their own chromosomes). Then they are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. At the same time the cell is elongating like an ellipse.

Question 35

What is the spindle?

Answer 35

Spindle is the Cytoskeleton rearranging.

Question 36

What happens during the telophase?

Answer 36

In the Telophase the chromosomes disperse, the nucleoli form, the nuclear envelopes assemble, a new nucleus forms at each end. The spindle breaks up and goes back to being a cytoskeleton.

Question 37

What are the steps in mitosis?

Answer 37

Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis ***