Lecture 3

Question 1

Metabolic pathway

Answer 1

A particular sequence of connected reactions.

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

All chemical reactions taking place in an organism.

Question 2

Enzyme

Answer 2

a protein that facilitates a specific chemical reaction.

Question 3

How are metabolic pathways?

Answer 3

Metabolic pathways are interconnected (can go in multiple place not just the path deigned there), and aren’t especially layed out in an assembly line (like in drawing):

Question 4

What is ATP?

Answer 4

(Adenosine TriPhosphate = 3 phosphate has more chemical energy): a high-energy molecule used to provide energy in cells.

Question 5

What is ADP?

Answer 5

(Adenosine DiPhosphate = 2 phosphate): the lower-energy form of ATP.

Question 6

How do you transform ATPP to ADP and vice versa?

Answer 6

To transform one into the other you have to use energy

Question 7

atp to adp

Answer 7

release energy and that how it’s transported and transforms

Question 8

adp to atp

Answer 8

need energy force to put the phosphate in adp and makes atp
and it’s the energy of reaction that fills energy to cells.

Question 9

What are examples of high energy molecules?

Answer 9

NADH
FADH2
NADPH
Are high-energy molecules (carrying high-energy electrons).

Question 10

What are examples of low energy molecules?

Answer 10

NAD+
FAD+
NADP+
Are the low energy forms of above molecules (without high-energy electrons).

Question 11

Cellular respiration

Answer 11

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (in ATP and heat)

Question 12

How does cellular respiration start?

Answer 12

Cellular respiration starts with glucose:

Question 13

Describe the steps of cellualr respiration

Answer 13

Glucose goes through glycolysis (a cyclic metabolic pathway), it will turn glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis releases energy that makes ATP (allows a phosphate to link to ADP) and NADH.
The pyruvate goes to another cyclic metabolic pathway, the citric acid cycle, that will create CO2.
Again this releases energy that will produce ATP, NADH+ and FADH2. Both cycles will create oxidative phosphorylation, it will take energy from both and generates more ATP.

Question 14

What produces the ATP that is needed for energy in the cells?

Answer 14

Cellular respiration

Question 15

Where does glycolisis happen in a prokaryote?

Answer 15

Glycolsis happens in the cytosol.

Question 16

Where is oxidative phosphorylation found in the prokaryote?

Answer 16

This is found on the plasma membrane

Question 17

Where does glycolisis happens in the eukaryote?

Answer 17

Glycolisis happens in the cytosol but the rest happens in the mitochondrion. More precisely the rest of the cycle happens in the matrix of the mitochondrion.

Question 18

Where does oxidative phosphorylation happen in a eukaryote?

Answer 18

In the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

Question 19

Glycolisis

Answer 19

a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.
Energy released is used to change ADP to ATP and NAD+ to NADH.

Question 20

First part of glycolisis

Answer 20

2 ATP into energy to go from C6 to 2x C3

Question 21

Second part of glycolisis

Answer 21

Each G3P turns into pyruvate through a set of reactions. Creates 2 NADH and 4 ATP.

Question 22

What is the glycolisis net total?

Answer 22

+2 NADH +2 ADP

Question 23

what is Citric acid cycle (or Krebs)?

Answer 23

a cyclical metabolic pathway that breaks down pyruvate into 3 CO2.
Energy released is used to change ADP to ATP, NAD+ to NADH and FAD+ to FADH2.
for eukaryote it happens in the matrix
losing CO2 and NAD+ picks up energy to make NADH

Question 24

From 1 pyruvate in the citric acid cycle it produces?

Answer 24

+4 NADH +1 FADH2 +1 ATP

Question 25

From one glucose molecule what is produced in the citric acid cycle?

Answer 25

From one glucose molecule you get 2 pyruvate therefore you get: 8 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP.

Question 26

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 26

A chain of molecules uses energy from NADH and FADH2 to generate H+ (hydrogen ion) gradient.

Question 27

What is the H+ gradient used for?

Answer 27

The H+ gradient is used to change ADP to ATP.

Question 28

Electron transport chain (step 1)

Answer 28

electron dropped off at the protein and energy released by electron along the chain used to pull H+ across the membrane and electron continues along. All of this is done along the plasma membrane.

Question 29

ATP synthase

Answer 29

(-ase is usually enzyme) is an enzyme AND a channel protein, it allows H+ to pass through (the flow makes the turbine turn). The flow of H+ releases energy (though hydrogen gradient), and the energy is used to link P to ADP to make ATP (released in the matrix afterwards).

Question 30

In ATP synthase Each NADH => produce

Answer 30

2.5 ATP

Question 31

In ATP synthase Each FADH2 =>

Answer 31

1.5 ATP

Question 32

Glycolysis, each molecule of glucose produces

Answer 32

Metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate (happens in the cytosol)

Question 33

Citric acid cycle is

Answer 33

A cyclical metabolic pathway that breaks down pyruvate into three carbon dioxide molecules (pyruvate still has some energy in it at this point)

Question 34

How many ATP can be produced for each glucose through cellular respiration?

Answer 34

Generally, you can get 32 ATP for each glucose through cellular respiration.

Question 36

What does each pyruvate release during the citric acid cycle?

Answer 36

Should know that for each pyruvate there is the release of o 4 NADH o 1 FADH2 o 1 ATP