lecture 1

Question 1

anatomy

Answer 1

Study of structure of body parts, their relationships to one another

Question 2

what are the 3 subdivisons of anatomy

Answer 2

gross (macroscopic)- seen with the naked eye
microscopic (ex cells and tissues)
developmental changes during lifetime

Question 3

name the 5 tools for mastering anatomy

Answer 3

• mastery of terms
• feeling
• listening
• moving
• seeing

Question 4

define physiology

Answer 4

the study of the function of the body

Question 5

what are the subdivisions of anatomy

Answer 5

it is broken up into the organ systems

Question 6

physiology focuses on what two levels of biology

Answer 6

the cellular and molecular level

Question 7

name the 3 essential tools in the study of physiology

Answer 7

• focus on many levels of biology
• focus the chemical principles
• focus on the physical principles

Question 8

define the principle of complementarity

Answer 8

anatomy and physiology are inseparable. function reflects the structure . what a structure can do depends on its form. (form follows function.

Question 9

name the 6 levels of structural organization in order

Answer 9

chemical level
cellular level
tissue level
organ level
organ system level
organismal level

Question 10

list the 8 necessary life functions

Answer 10

• maintain boundaries
• movement (contractility)
• responsiveness
• digestion
• metabolism
• excretion

Question 11

give 2 examples of the necessary life funcntion of maintaining boundaries

Answer 11

• the plasma membrane , traps nutrients for reactions to take place)
• the larges organ (the skin) keeps water in and uv out!

Question 12

give two examples of movement

Answer 12

movement of body parts like the skeletal system and movement of substances like the cardiac and smooth muscles

Question 13

give 2 examples of responsivness

Answer 13

withdrawl reflex and controlled breathing

Question 14

what do all cells depend on to meet their survival needs?

Answer 14

all cells depend on an organ system

Question 15

are humans multicellular?

Answer 15

yes!

Question 16

what are the 5 survival needs?

Answer 16

nutrients
oxygen
water
normal body temperature
appropriate atmospheric pressure

Question 17

what does having appropriate atmospheric pressure mean?

Answer 17

having adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs

Question 18

what is normal body temperature

Answer 18

37 c

Question 19

name 2 reasons why water is an important survival need

Answer 19

• it provides the appropriate environment for chemical reaction
• provides a fluid base for excretions and secretions

Question 20

name one reason why oxygen is an essential survival need

Answer 20

it provides energy, necessary for atp release

Question 21

name 2 reasons why nutrients are essential survival needs

Answer 21

• provides chemicals for energy

- provides chemicals for cell building

Question 22

define homeostasis

Answer 22

maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in the outside environment

Question 23

how is homeostasis maintained

Answer 23

homeostasis is maintained through contributions of the organ system

Question 24

what does it mean to say that homeostasis is in a dynamic state of equilibrium?

Answer 24

homeostasis is NOT unchanging , rather there are fluctuations around a set point

Question 25

what 3 things help to maintain homeostatic control

Answer 25

- communication | - regulation and monitoring of variables

Question 26

name the 2 systems that communicate during homeostasis

Answer 26

nervous system and endocrine system

Question 27

how do the nervous system and endocrine system communicate to maintain homeostasis

Answer 27

the endocrine system and nervous system communicate through nerve impulses and hormones

Question 28

list the 3 components of a control mechanism

Answer 28

- receptor (sensor) - control center - effector

Question 29

what is the main role of the receptor in a control mechanism

Answer 29

it responds to stimuli

Question 30

define stimuli

Answer 30

something that causes changes in controlled stimuli

Question 31

name the 3 roles of the control center in the control mechanism

Answer 31

-Determines set point at which variable is maintained – Receives input from receptor – Determines appropriate response

Question 32

list the 3 roles of the effector in the control mechanism

Answer 32

– Receives output from control center – Provides the means to respond – Response either reduces (negative feedback) or enhances stimulus (positive feedback

Question 33

are most feedback mechanisms in the body negative or positive

Answer 33

Most feedback mechanisms in body are negative

Question 34

describe how negative feedback works

Answer 34

Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus – Variable changes in opposite direction of initial change

Question 35

give 2 examples of negative feedback

Answer 35

– Regulation of body temperature (a nervous system mechanism) – Regulation of blood glucose by insulin (an endocrine system mechanism

Question 36

define positive feedback

Answer 36

Response enhances or exaggerates original stimulus • May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect • Usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment

Question 37

give 2 examples of positive feedback

Answer 37

Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin (chapter 28) | – Platelet plug formation and blood clotting