Lecture 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is pathology?
A
- Study of the essential nature of diseases and especially of the structural and functional changes produced by them.
2
Q
Health
A
- State of complete physical, mental & social well-being & not merely the absence of disease.
3
Q
Disease
A
A physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction or tissue damage. Whilst illness is a more subjective concept.
4
Q
Pathology subdivisions
A
- General pathology = study of underlying mechanisms of disease
- Systematic pathology = study of disease as it occurs within particular organ.
- Cytopathology = study of disease on a cellular level
- Pathophysiology
5
Q
Aetiology
A
- The causes of disease
6
Q
Pathogenesis
A
- How the aetiology brings about the disease
7
Q
Pathognominic
A
- An abnormality that is characteristic only of that disease or condition.
8
Q
Morphology
A
- Features that are seen with the naked eye or via a microscope
9
Q
Clinical manifestations
A
- Symptoms & signs with which a disease presents.
10
Q
Natural history of disease
A
- Description of the natural progress of a disease that is left untreated
11
Q
Predisposing Factor
A
- Factor that makes the body more susceptible to a disease & may alter the course of disease.
12
Q
Complication
A
- Possible consequence of a disease, if restitution of normal structure & function does not occur.
13
Q
Prevention
A
- Activities which aim to stop the development of disease or prevent it from worsening
14
Q
Prognosis
A
- Likely outcome of disease
15
Q
Morbidity
A
- The amount of ill health caused by a disease
16
Q
Mortality
A
- Refers to the loss of life caused by the disease
17
Q
Lesion
A
- Part of tissue directly affected by disease
18
Q
Loaclised Disease
A
- A limited area of tissue is involved in the disease process
19
Q
Widespread disease
A
- More extensive areas of tissue are affected by the disease process
20
Q
Systematic Disease
A
- Most of the body is affected, although it may be due to a virus spreading in the blood
21
Q
Multi-system Disease
A
- A number of body systems are involved in the disease process
22
Q
Acute Disease
A
- A disorder which is reasonably severe or a disorder which is characterised by a sudden onset and termination.
23
Q
Chronic Disease
A
- A disorder that is characterised by a gradual onset & long duration
24
Q
Intermittent Disease
A
- Disease undergoes ‘cycles’ of appearing & disappearing
25
Remission
- A temporary or permanent decrease in severity of a disease.
26
Relapse
- A return of disease
27
Mild Disease
- Minimal disruption
28
Moderate disease
- More tissue is affected, thus more serious
29
Severe Disease
- Considerable disruption
30
Grave Disease
- Usually fatal outcomes
31
Diagnosis
- Distinguishing 1 disease from another & the identification of a disease
32
Differential
- Determination of a list if possible diseases, by evaluating symptoms, signs & tests
33
Symptom
- Perceptions of the patient which may indicated a disorder of the body or emotions
34
Syndrome
Cluster of symptoms & signs that consistently occur together
35
Investigations
Determining cause, include analysis of body fluids or tissues, taking image, visualising part (endoscopy)
36
Gross Pathology
- Macroscopic or naked eye exmamination
37
Light Microscopy
- Cut sections from tissues are embedded, sectioned, stained & viewed under microscopy.
38
Electron Microscopy
Changed at unltracellular level. High resolution images are formed, using a beam of electrons passing through a specimen.
39
Cell Cultures
- Organisms are artifically grown in controlled environment
40
Structural Organisation of the Body
- Chemicals
- Cells (formed by group of chemicals)
- Tissue (formed by a group of similar cells)
- Organ (formed by 2 or more different tissues)
- Body system (organs grouped together to form a common function to create a body system)
41
Homeostasis
- A condition where the internal environment remains relatively constant within limits
42
Stressor
- Physical, mental or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension.
May be:
- internal or external
- Identified easily or hidden
- Temporary or long-term
43
Injury
- Pathological process in the tissue as a result of any stress upon it.
- Disruption of normal structure & function
44
Causes of Injury
- Result of environmental and genetic influences
45
Environmental influences on Health
- Physical Agents (radiation)
- Chemical Agents (Lead & tobacco)
- Biological Agents (Virus & bacteria)
- Nutritional deficiencies
- O2 deficiency
- Iatrogenic disease (caused by health professions)
46
genetic influences
- Present at birth but is not always apparent at this time.
- may present within weeks, months, years or never.
47
Classification of Disease
Classification is usually based on aetiology:
Congenital (present at birth)
- Genetic (genes, DNA, chromosomes)
- Non-genetic (Infections, malformation)
Acquired (develops after birth)
- Mostly due to environmental cause
- May be classified in different ways but overlap exists between them.
48
A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing
Health
49
The medical specialty concerned with the nature and causes of disease
Pathology
50
An individual’s personal experience of their disease
Illness
51
The part of the body which is damaged (2 possible answers here)
Disease and pathology
52
Structural or functional deviations from normal (2 possible answers)
Disease and pathology
53
Disease X may be avoided by not smoking
Prevention
54
Disease Y was due to the effect of ionising radiation on the bone marrow
Aetiology
55
Disease Z, if not treated, will continue to get worse for a few months, then recede
Natural history of disease
56
Having a family history of disease P will make it more likely for the disease to occur.
Predisposing factor
57
The way in which ionising radiation damages the bone marrow is by causing mutations in the stem cells.
Pathogenesis
58
Even with treatment, having pancreatic cancer has a poor 5 year survival rate.
Prognosis
59
Disease M presents with a cough and breathlessness.
Clinical manifestations
60
Children who have measles may end up with pneumonia or encephalitis.
Complication
61
The reason people with left heart failure get breathless, is because fluid builds up in the alveoli of the lungs and prevents gases being exchanged.
Pathophysiology
62
The part of the body directly affected by the pathology
Lesion
63
Includes observation, palpation, percussion and auscultation.
Physical examination
64
A disease that has a very short duration.
Acute disease
65
A disease which effects a number of body systems
Multi-system disease
66
Involves talking to the patient to elicit information regarding their complaints.
History taking
67
Disease typically characterised by by a gradual onset (although not always) and is if long duration.
Chronic disease
68
Disease which undergoes 'cycles' of appearing and disappearing
Intermittent disease
69
Disease affects a limited area of tissue only
Localized disease
70
May include visualisation of a body part, body imaging techniques, analysis of some body fluid in the laboratory etc
Investigations
71
The way that signs are elicited.
Diagnosis
72
Function of Nucleus
Contains DNA – the brain of the cell
73
Function of cytosol
- Help gives the cell shape and support. Also aids in movement of cell structures throughout the cell.
74
Function of plasma membrane
Protects cell from outside influences. Controls what enters and leaves the
75
Function of mitochondria
Produces ATP
76
Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
77
Perixisomes
lipid metabolism, detoxification, and signaling.
78
Lysosomes
Digests foreign material and/or detoxify harmful substances
79
Golgi Apparatus
- Make lysosomes
- Packages synthesised proteins for secretion (with ER), secretes lipids, synthesises carbohydrates and forms glycoproteins for secretion
80
Endoplasmic reticulum
- Ribosomes attach here
81
Cytoskeleton
- Provides mechanical support to the cell, facilitates exchange of material in the cytoplasm, provides a surface for chemical reactions, and conducts nerve impulses in muscle cells.
82
Centrioles
Help with cell division, cell structure, and the formation of cilia and flagella.
83
Centrosomes
Serve as a centre for organising microtubules in non-dividing cells, and mitotic spindles during cell division
84
Epithelial Tissue
- Covers body surfaces and lines cavities.
- Functions include protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration.
- Found in skin, digestive tract, and glands.
85
Connective Tissue
- Supports, binds, and connects other tissues.
- Provides structure and elasticity.
- Includes bone, blood, adipose (fat), cartilage, and tendons.
86
Muscle Tissue
- Responsible for movement.
Includes three types:
- Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary control, moves bones.
- Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary, found in the heart.
- Smooth Muscle: Involuntary, found in walls of organs like the intestines and blood vessels.
87
Nervous Tissue
- Transmits electrical signals throughout the body.
- Includes neurons (nerve cells) and supporting cells called glial cells.
- Found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
