Lecture 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Forms of Cell Adaptation
A
- Change in cell size or number
- Change in cell differentiation
2
Q
Cell Adaptation Classifications
A
- Physiological or pathological
- Change in cell differentiation
3
Q
Results of Cell Adaptations
A
- No cell injury
- Cell injury may be, mild & reversible or severe & irreversible
4
Q
Hypertrophy
A
- Increase in the mass of an organ due to an increase in the size of its specialised cells.
- Physiological and Pathological
5
Q
Physiological Hypertrophy Examples
A
- Trained Muscles:
- Increase meachnical workload (stressor) causes cells to get bigger to adapt. - Athletes Heart Muscles
6
Q
Pathological Hypertrophy Examples
A
- Left ventricle hypertrophy due to chronic hypertension
- Elevation of blood pressure, LV works harder to pump blood into aorta - Right ventricle hypertrophy due to some lung disease
- In some lung disease, the blood pressure becomes elevated
- RV has to pump harder to get blood to enter the lungs - Anabolic Steroids in some individuals pathologically causes skeletal muscle hypertrophy
7
Q
Hyperplasia
A
- Increase in mass of an organ due to an increase in the number of specialised constituent cells
- Only occurs when the stimulus causing it is acting. If stimulus stops, tissue returns to normal
8
Q
Classification of Hyperplasia
A
- Physiological
- Compensatory
- Pathological
- Reactive
9
Q
Physiological Hyperplasia Examples
A
- Female Breasts
- Juvenile breasts has rudimentary ducts & is identical for both sexes
- Normal male grows, stays rudimentary
- Normal female grows, hyperplasia occurs
10
Q
Compensatory Hyperplasia
A
- Enlargement of an organ after one of a pair is removed
- Attempt by the tissue to cope with increased demands placed on it
11
Q
Compensatory Hyperplasia Examples
A
- A goitre
- Gland is enlarged - Enlarged prostate gland
- Callus
- Skin which is subjected to chronic irritation, hyperlasia of epidemic occurs forming a callus
12
Q
Reactive Hyperplasia
A
- If stimulus is pathological, but response is physiological
- Commonly occurs in lymphoid tissue
13
Q
Reactive Hyperplasia Examples
A
- Bone marrow response to infection
- Spleen response to infection
- Lymph nodes response to infection
14
Q
Combined Hyperplasia & Hypertrophy
A
Can often occur together, in the same tissue, it may be:
- Physiological (Uterus in pregnancy)
- Pathological (Prostate gland in benign prostatic hyperplasia)
15
Q
Atrophy
A
- Decrease in size or number of specialised constituent cells in a tissue, hence decrease the size of an organ
- Physiological or pathological
16
Q
Physiological Atrophy Examples
A
- Embryo/Foetus
- Notochara, ductus arteriosus, bronchial clefts - Thymus Gland
- Involution begins in childhood, so gland shrinks - Atrophy in breast, uterus & vagina after menopause
17
Q
Pathological Atrophy
A
May be localised or generalised
- Localised pathological atrophy is confined to 1 tissue
- Generalised affects entire body
18
Q
Localised Pathological Atrophy Examples
A
- Neutropathic Atrophy:
- Muscle atrophy in poliomyelitis occurs due to the death of motor neurones
- Muscles will have no nerve to supply, making it contract = will shrink - Disuse Atrophy:
- Muscles atrophy after a limb is immobilised
- Muscles not contracting = will shrink - Pressure Atrophy
- Brown Atrophy of the heart occurs due to old age
- Brain atrophy in Alzheimers disease
19
Q
Generalised Pathological Atrophy Examples
A
- Malnutrition/starvation
- Maligant Cochexla
- Progeria
20
Q
Metaplasia
A
- Replacement of tissue comprising normal, full differentiated cells, with normal but less specialised cells, in response to chronic injury or irritation
- Always pathological
21
Q
Metaplasia Examples
A
- Smokers Airways
- Cigarettes (stressor)
- Normal respiratory epithelium changes to more protective stratified squamous epithelium - Changes in gall bladder epithelium due to gall stones
- Changes in urinary bladder epithelium due to urinary stones
22
Q
Dysplasia
A
- Abnormal growth and differentiation with a loss of regularity of cells
- Loss of normal orientation & relationship to one another; leads to a disordered, atypical & defective growth with compromised function
- Always pathological
23
Q
Dysplasia Examples
A
- Leulcoplasia
- Smoking, ill fit dentures - Smokers Airway
- Cervical dysplasia
24
Q
A
25
26
27
Hypoplasia
- Underdevelopment or organ or tissue
- Always Pathological
28
Hypoplasia Examples
1. Turners Syndrome
- Only 1 x chromosome
- Appear female but lack second x chromosome
- Hypoplasia of breasts
29
Aplasia
- Lack of or faulty development of an organ or tissue, or
- Sudden cessation of growth, causing tissue to shrink or disappear
- Always pathological
30
Aplasia Examples
1. Aplasia of Thymus Gland
- No more T cells being produced
- Profound immunodeficiency
2. Aplasia of bone marrow
- Aplastic anemia
- Causes = drug therapy, radiotherapy
31
Agenesis
- Absence of development of an organ or tissue
- Occurs during embryonic development where there is some abnormality
32
Agenesis Examples
1. Organs
- E.g. Kidneys
- May fail to develop during embryological development
2. Specific tissues may fail to develop
33
Dystrophy
- Abnormal growth & differentiation of tissues, usually due to genetic disorders of nutrition & metabolism
34
Hamatomas
- Focal development anomaly characterised by an overgrowth of normal cells in a next in the tissue in which they are usually found
35
Harmatomas Examples
1. Benign melanocyte naevvs
- Excessive melanocyte proliferation
2. Haemangolmas
- Excessive blood vessel proliferation
3. Bone islands or Enostuses
- Comprise areas of compact bone found within cancellous bone
36
Chroristomas
- Focal overgrowth of normal cells arising developmentally, found in tissue where these cells usually would not present
37
True or False: Cell adaptations are always reversible changes
False
38
True or False: Cell adaptations include: changing their size, changing their numbers, or changing differentiation.
True
39
True or False: Adaptations may cause cells to become injured
True
40
True or False: In hyperplasia, cells become larger.
False
41
True or False: In metaplasia, there is a change in differentiation
True
42
The breast after menopause
Physiological Atrophy
43
The heart in systemic hypertension
Pathological Hypertrophy
44
The cervix under the influence of Human Papilloma virus
Dysplasia
45
Skeletal muscle in a body builder
Physiological Hypertrophy
46
Uterus in a pregnant woman
Both hypertrophy and hyperplasia
47
Remaining kidney following nephrectomy
Compensatory Hyplerplasia
48
The spleen in malaria
Reactive hyperplasia
49
Prostate in an old man
Both hyperplasia or hypertrophy
50
A possible consequence of metaplasia
Dysplasia
51
Cell numbers increase
Hyperplasia
52
Cell size decreases
Atrophy
53
Cell size increases
Hypertrophy
54
Cells change from one ‘normal’ type to another ‘normal’ type
Metaplasia
55
Cell numbers decrease
Atrophy
56
Cells change to become abnormal, with compromised function. Cells show a loss of normal orientation and relationship to one another.
Dysplasia
57
A limb after prolonged immobilisation in a plaster cast
Localised Pathological Atrophy
58
The brain in Alzheimer’s disease
Localised Pathological Atrophy
59
Body tissues in malnutrition
Generalised Pathological Atrophy
60
Lymph nodes or bone marrow with an infection
Reactive Hyperplasia
61
Progeria
Generalised Pathological Atrophy
62
Thumb muscles with damage to the median nerve
Localised Pathological Atrophy
63
Leukoplakia in the oral cavity
Dysplasia
64
The urinary bladder in response to the presence of calculi
Metaplasia
65
Comprise abnormal accumulation of normal cells in a tissue where they would typically be found.
Hamartomas
66
Comprise abnormal accumulation of normal cells in a tissue where they would not typically be found.
Choristoma
67
Failure of an organ or tissue to develop.
Agenesis
68
A sudden cessation of growth, causing the tissue to shrink or even to disappear.
Aplasia
69
Underdevelopment or incomplete development of an organ or tissue.
Hypoplasia
70
Abnormal growth and differentiation of tissue usually due to genetic disorders of nutrition and metabolism
Dystrophy
71
An example is where the bone marrow suddenly changes from normal, to having a scarcity of normal blood cells and their precursors.
Aplasia
72
An example is a mole on the skin
Hamartoma
73
An example is endometriosis
Choristoma
74
An example is the breasts in Turner’s syndrome
Hypoplasia
75
An example is ‘enostoses’
Hamartoma
76
Usually involves skeletal muscle
Dystrophy
77
An example is a ‘strawberry patch’ birthmark
Hamartoma
