Lecture 1

Question 1

visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 1

The component of Baddeley’s model of working memory that holds visual and spatial images for
manipulation

Question 2

phonological loop

Answer 2

The component of Baddeley’s model of working memory that maintains auditory memories by
internal (subvocal) speech rehearsal.

Question 3

central executive

Answer 3

The component of Baddeley’s model of working memory that monitors and manipulates the two
working-memory buffers

Question 4

word-length effect

Answer 4

The tendency for a person to remember fewer words from a list as the length of the words increases.

Question 5

delayed nonmatch-to-sample (DNMS) task

Answer 5

A test of visual memory in which a subject must indicate which of two objects is not the same as the
sample object that was recently seen

Question 6

Associative learning

Answer 6

learning that involves making connections between different stimuli or between a stimulus and a response.

Question 7

Operant Conditioning

Answer 7

Learning to associate a behavior with a consequence (reward or punishment)

Question 8

Classical conditioning

Answer 8

Learning to associate a neutral stimulus with a significant stimulus

Question 9

Miller’s law

Answer 9

The average person can hold about 7 items (±2) in their short-term memory at once, meaning between 5 and 9 chunks of information

Question 10

semantic organization

Answer 10

when your brain organizes info by categories, relationships, or meaning instead of just raw order

Question 11

sensory memory

Answer 11

extremely brief retention of sensory input

Question 12

short-term memory

Answer 12

temporarily holds a limited amount of information

Question 13

main function stm

Answer 13

storage

Question 14

Miller’s law

Answer 14

the average person can hold about 5-9 chunks of information in their stm at once

Question 15

brain area stm

Answer 15

hippocampus

Question 16

working memory

Answer 16

actively processes and manipulates information while holding it

Question 17

main function wm

Answer 17

storage and mental manipulation

Question 18

brain area wm

Answer 18

prefrontal cortex + other areas

Question 19

place model

Answer 19

memories are moved to be accessed or manipulated

Question 20

state model

Answer 20

memories are activated to be accessed or manipulated

Question 21

What influences wm?

Answer 21

-rehearsal
-chunking
-semantic organization
-attention

Question 22

COMT gene

Answer 22

produces an enzyme that helps break down neurotransmitters like dopamine

Question 23

N-back task

Answer 23

a memory test where participants identify when a current stimulus matches one from n steps earlier in a sequence

Question 24

Baddeley´s model

Answer 24

phonological loop + visuospatial sketchpad + central executive + episodic buffer

Question 25

episodic buffer

Answer 25

a part of working memory that temporarily combines information from different sources into a coherent scene or episode.

Question 26

Delayed Non-Match to Sample Task (DNMS)

Answer 26

A memory test where an animal or person must choose the new (non-matching) object after a delay.

Question 27

dual task experiment

Answer 27

A dual task experiment tests how well a person can do two tasks at the same time

Question 28

Which task for controlled updating of short-term memory

Answer 28

N-back task

Question 29

Which task for setting goals and planning

Answer 29

tower of hanoi

Question 30

which task for task switching

Answer 30

Wisconsin card sorting test

Question 31

Wisconsin card sorting test

Answer 31

A test that measures your ability to switch thinking strategies when the rules change.

Question 32

which task for stimulus attention and response inhibition

Answer 32

stroop task

Question 33

echolalia

Answer 33

involuntary repetition of words or phrases someone else has said.