lecture 3

Question 1

memory trace/engram

Answer 1

a physical or mental “mark” left in the brain when you experience or learn something.

Question 2

Reconsolidation

Answer 2

when a memory is recalled, becomes briefly changeable, and then gets stored again, possibly in a new form

Question 3

cell assemblies

Answer 3

connected neurons that work together to store and recall information in the brain

Question 4

Hebbian synapses

Answer 4

connections between neurons that get stronger when they are activated together.

Question 5

Which ion blocks NMDA receptors under resting conditions?

Answer 5

magnesium ion

Question 6

optogenetics

Answer 6

a technique that uses light to control genetically modified cells, usually neurons, that have been made sensitive to light.

Question 7

CaMKII

Answer 7

a protein kinase that is activated by the binding of calcium (Ca²⁺) and calmodulin

Question 8

protein synthesis

Answer 8

the process by which cells make proteins carried out in two main steps: transcription and translation

Question 9

LTP

Answer 9

a long-lasting increase in the strength of synaptic transmission between two neurons

Question 10

PKC (Protein kinase C)

Answer 10

a type of enzyme that helps cells send signals and respond to things like hormones, neurotransmitters, or other signals

Question 11

subiculum

Answer 11

a part of the hippocampus, which is involved in memory, navigation, and emotions.

Question 12

CA3

Answer 12

part of the hippocmapus that helps connect and remember things really fast.

Question 13

Hebbs rule

Answer 13

Neurons that fire together wire together.

Question 14

Different types of LTM

Answer 14

-declarative
-non-declarative

Question 15

Declarative LTM

Answer 15

-is a type of long-term memory that involves things you can consciously recall and talk about (“declare”).
-semantic and episodic memory

Question 16

Non-declarative LTM

Answer 16

-memory that you cannot consciously recall or describe easily. You “know how” to do something, but you might not be able to explain exactly how.
-Seperated in associative and non-associative memory

Question 17

Associative learning

Answer 17

-learning that happens when you form a connection (association) between two stimuli or between a behavior and a consequence.
-Instrumental conditioning & skill learning and classical conditioning

Question 18

Non-associative learning

Answer 18

-learning that does not involve forming associations between stimuli. It’s about how your response to a single stimulus changes over time.
-Adaptation, sensitization, priming & reflex

Question 19

Brain region semantic memory

Answer 19

neocortex

Question 20

Brain region episodic memory

Answer 20

hippocampus

Question 21

Brain region instrumental conditioning & skill learning

Answer 21

basal ganglia & cerebellum

Question 22

Brain region classical conditioning

Answer 22

cerebellum & hippocampus

Question 23

Brain region non-associative learning (Adaptation, sensitization, priming & reflex)

Answer 23

neocortex & amygdala

Question 24

Perforant Pathway

Answer 24

Entorhinal cortex → Dentate gyrus

Question 25

Mossy Fiber Pathway

Answer 25

Dentate gyrus → Hippocampus CA3

Question 26

Schaffer Collateral Pathway

Answer 26

Hippocampus CA3 → Hippocampus CA1

Question 27

place field

Answer 27

the specific area of an environment where a particular place cell in the brain becomes active (fires).

Question 28

Multiple trace theory

Answer 28

Every time you recall a memory, your brain creates a new "trace" (a new version of that memory) in the hippocampus.

Question 29

tactile agnosia

Answer 29

not recognizing object by touch

Question 30

auditory agnosia

Answer 30

Can hear, but can’t recognize sounds or words

Question 31

visual agnosia

Answer 31

Can see, but can't recognize objects or faces

Question 32

replication

Answer 32

DNA-->DNA

Question 33

transcription

Answer 33

DNA-->RNA

Question 34

translation

Answer 34

RNA-->Protein

Question 35

Immediate Early Genes (IEGs)

Answer 35

a special group of genes that are rapidly and transiently activated in response to a stimulus — without requiring new protein synthesis.

Question 36

Late genes (LGs)

Answer 36

produce proteins that can lead to changes in synaptic connectivity

Question 37

early phase LTP

Answer 37

the first stage of strengthening a synapse after repeated stimulation, and it's critical for short-term memory and initial learning.

Question 38

late phase LTP

Answer 38

the long-lasting strengthening of synaptic connections — the foundation of long-term memory.

Question 39

dopamine

Answer 39

involved in motivation, reward, movement, and mood regulation.

Question 40

noradrenaline

Answer 40

involved in attention, arousal, stress response (fight-or-flight), and mood regulation.

Question 41

serotonin

Answer 41

helps regulate mood, anxiety, sleep, appetite, and even cognition. It’s often linked to feelings of well-being and happiness.

Question 42

sensitization

Answer 42

a simple form of learning where an organism shows an increased response to a stimulus after a strong or noxious stimulus.