lecture 5

Question 1

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 1

A cue that has some biological significance and in the absence of prior training naturally evokes a response

Question 2

unconditioned response

Answer 2

The naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus (US).

Question 3

conditioned stimulus

Answer 3

A cue that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) and comes to elicit a conditioned response

Question 4

conditioned response

Answer 4

The trained response to a conditioned stimulus (CS) in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus (US) that it predicts

Question 5

blocking

Answer 5

The brain ignores a new signal because it already learned another signal that means the same thing

Question 6

intermittent reinforcement

Answer 6

when a reward is given only sometimes after a behavior—not every time.

Question 7

operant conditioning

Answer 7

a way of learning where behavior is shaped by consequences—like rewards or punishments.

Question 8

fixed ratio

Answer 8

a type of intermittent reinforcement where a reward is given after a set number of actions.

Question 9

molecular layer

Answer 9

The top layer of the cerebellum

Question 10

purkinje layer

Answer 10

A thin middle layer that contains the Purkinje cells lined up in a single row.

Question 11

granular cell layer

Answer 11

The bottom layer of the cerebellum

Question 12

Stellate & Basket cells

Answer 12

Tiny inhibitory neurons in the molecular layer that help control Purkinje cell activity

Question 13

Purkinje cells

Answer 13

send the main output from the cerebellar cortex to deeper brain areas

Question 14

granule cells

Answer 14

excitatory cells which send signals upward to the molecular layer and connect to many Purkinje cells using parallel fibers.

Question 15

unipolar brush cells

Answer 15

Specialized cells in the granular layer (especially in the vestibulo-cerebellum). They have one thick brush-like dendrite and help process balance-related information.

Question 16

golgi cells

Answer 16

Inhibitory neurons which slow down or shape signals from granule cells, helping to fine-tune the message.

Question 17

olivary nucleus

Answer 17

a structure in the medulla that helps the cerebellum learn and fine-tune movements.

Question 18

Long-term depression (LTD)

Answer 18

biochemical changes inside the Purkinje cell that lead to weakened synapses from the parallel fibers

Question 19

positive reinforcement

Answer 19

add something good

Question 20

negative reinforcement

Answer 20

take away something bad

Question 21

positive punishment

Answer 21

add something bad

Question 22

negative punishment

Answer 22

take away something good