Lecture 1 Flashcards
(13 cards)
What is developmental psychology?
The study of how people’s perceptions and interactions with the world change and stay the same over time.
6 STEPS to build a rational
- Learn about the topic/problem
- Formulate possible hypotheses
- Make predictions
- Support your predictions
- Any alternative findings
- Identify potential implications
Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory of ego development
Development is:
- Lifelong
- Multi-dimensional (biological, personal, social)
- Driven by crises
Stages of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of development
Stage 1 – Infancy period: Trust vs. Mistrust
Virtue: Hope, Maldevelopment: Withdrawal
Stage 2 – Early Childhood period: Autonomy vs. Shame, doubt
Virtue: Will, Maldevelopment: Compulsion
Stage 3 – Play Age period: Initiative vs. Guilt
Virtue: Purpose, Maldevelopment: Inhibition
Stage 4 – School Age period: Industry vs. Inferiority
Virtue: Competence, Maldevelopment: Inertia (passivity)
Stage of Adolescence
Stage 5 – Adolescence period: Identity vs. Identity confusion
Virtue: Fidelity, Maldevelopment: Repudiation
Stages of Adulthood
Stage 6 – Young Adulthood period: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Virtue: Love, Maldevelopment: Distantiation
Stage 7 – Adulthood period: Generativity vs. Stagnation/Self-absorption
Virtue: Care, Maldevelopment: Rejectivity
Stage 8 – Old Age period: Integrity vs. Despair
Virtue: Wisdom, Maldevelopment: Disdain
Marcia’s Identity Statuses
Commitment vs. Exploration
What is Theory of Mind?
The attribution of mental states* to oneself and to other people.
Understanding how people’s mental states influence behaviour.
ToM experience includes
- Joint attention
- Gesture
- Communication
- Cooperative play
- Empathy
- Role Taking
- Pretend play
- Moral Reasoning
- Deception
- Sarcasm
ToM develops alongside
- Biological development: Maturation of brain systems
- Cognitive development: Integration of various cognitive skills
- Social development: Shaped by cultural & Social experiences
How does ToM develop?
Early infancy Interest in others
3 months Joint attention (rudimentary)
8 months Intention (desire to act a certain way)
9 months Gesture (communication, pointing)
12 months Understanding others’ desires 1
18 months Joint attention (refined);imitation
24 months sensitivity to others’ intentions;
pretend play
3 years
4 years Understanding of false beliefs
5 years Preliminary interpretative ToM
6 years Second order ToM
9 years Advanced interpretative ToM ,Preliminary understanding of sarcasm, irony
False belief tasks
Tasks that test a child’s understanding that other people will act according to their own beliefs, even when the child knows those beliefs are incorrect.
Sally and Anne Task
Smarties task / M&M task
Is age associated with FB understanding?
Yes:
Robust finding among studies that 3 year olds typically fail FB tests and 5 year olds typically pass FB tests
Not that simple:
Some evidence that children younger than 3 can demonstrate FB understanding
Evidence that ToM continues to develop beyond age 5
Are siblings associated with FB understanding?
Yes:
Number of siblings correlates positively with % pass rate of FB tasks
Not that simple:
Correlation between number of siblings and number of children passing FB tasks can be weak (r = .16)
Social relationships might be more important for how children interpret ToM than how they develop ToM
Chi-square test of independence
Relationships between categorical variables
