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Host Defense > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

4 major classes of pathogens?

A
  1. Parasites
  2. Fungi
  3. Bacteria
  4. Virus
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2
Q

What is the immune system intertwined with?

A

Nervous system

Endocrine system

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3
Q

What types of organisms are characteristics of innate system found in?

A
  • Nearly all muticellular organisms

- Plant flies and humans all share aspects of it

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4
Q

How is the innate system coded for?

A

The innate system is hardwired in the germline or organisms

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5
Q

Function of innate system?

A

Sentinel or danger sensing system that can either physically obstruct pathogen entry or direct demise of invader via network of cells

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6
Q

Key advantage of innate system?

A

Instantaneous activation

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7
Q

Key disadvantage of innate system?

A

Lack of ability to precisely target pathogens and limit collateral damage

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8
Q

Does innate system have memory?

A

Not entirely but has ability to train itself for short period of time to maintain heigthened awareness and resist infection

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9
Q

Advantage of adaptive system?

A

Memory & specificity

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10
Q

Disadvantage of adaptive system?

A

Takes more than a week to become fully activated

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11
Q

What is the first line of innate defense?

A

Physical barriers such as the skin and mucosa

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12
Q

What are defensins?

A

Antimicrobial peptides found in skin to ward off infection

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13
Q

An example of physical barriers going awry?

A

Burn victims being helpless against bacterial infection

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14
Q

Defense strategies of mucosa?

A
  1. Mucus that can trap invaders
  2. Constantly beating cilia
  3. Low PH
  4. Hydrolytic enzymes in tears and saliva
  5. Gut flora
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15
Q

What is special about guy and lung?

A

They have developed their own regional immune system with specialized molecules

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16
Q

How do innate cells detect danger?

A

PAMPs - Damage associated molecular patters

DAMPs - Damage associated molecular patters

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17
Q

Receptors on innate cells?

A

PRRs - Patter recognition receptors

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18
Q

What is another name for innate receptors?

A

TLR

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19
Q

What is the on switch for the innate immune response?

A

Activation of TLR is gateway to immune response

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20
Q

Two pathways of innate system?

A
  1. Soluble proteins from liver

2. Immune effector cells

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21
Q

What is special about mannose?

A
  • Found in many bacterial cell walls but rarely in human cell surfaces
  • Mannose binding receptor allows for uptake of these cells via phagocytes
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22
Q

What is precursor to antibody system?

A

Mannose binding system

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23
Q

Two components of liver protein system?

A
  1. Mannose phosphate receptors

2. Complement system

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24
Q

What is group name for innate cells and where do they come from?

A

Leukocytes - come from pluripotents HSCs

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25
Q

General characteristic of leukocytes?

A

They are granulated in cytoplasm allowing for lethal oxidation

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26
Q

Are leukocytes receptors specific?

A

No. They have no specific memory either

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27
Q

Other name for neutrophils?

A

Granulocytes

PMNs - polymorphonuclear leukocytes

28
Q

What is most commone leukocytes in peripheral blood?

A

Neutrophil

29
Q

What is final arbitrater or most inflammatory reactions?

A

Neutrophils

30
Q

Describe eosonophils?

A
  • Have specialized granules allowing them to drill holes in larger parasites.
  • Have devoloped into mediators of allergic reactions
  • Rare in peripheral blood under normal conditions
31
Q

What is a granulcyte?

A

Neutrophil

32
Q

What is a PMN?

A

Neutrophil

33
Q

What cell is the mediator of allergic reaction?

A

EOS

34
Q

What cell can drill hole in pathogen?

A

EOS

35
Q

What is least common leukocyte in peripheral blood?

A

Mast cells / basophils

36
Q

What doe basophils and mast cells do?

A
  • Can act as APCs

- Have granules and receptors important for parasites

37
Q

Which system are Macrophages involved in?

A

Adaptive and innnate

38
Q

What is a monocyte?

A

Precursor to macrophage

39
Q

What is the sentinel cell of immune system?

A

DC

40
Q

What cell is repsonsible for activating adaptive system?

A

DC

41
Q

Characteristics of DCs

A
  • Rich in TLRs and activated by DAMPs and PAMPs

- Present in all tissues continuously sampling for danger

42
Q

Are NK cells innate or adaptive?

A

Innate

43
Q

Are NK cells leukocytes or lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes

44
Q

What are the cells of the innate system?

A
  1. Mast cells / basophils
  2. NK cells
  3. DCs
  4. Macrophages
  5. Neutrophils
  6. EOS
45
Q

Are NK cells specific?

A

No. Recognize PAMPs and DAMPs

46
Q

How does innate system communicate?

A

Cytokines

47
Q

Are cytokines mandatory?

A

Yes, they are needed for all immune responses

48
Q

Characteristics of cytokines?

A
  1. 2 chains from 2 genes
  2. Pleitropism
  3. Redundancy
  4. Act in []s similar to hormones
  5. Mediators of cellular communication
  6. Can dampen or inhibit responses
  7. Ying yang dynamics
    8.
49
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Antibody mediated

50
Q

Another name for adaptive immunity?

A

Acquired immunity

51
Q

What is the evolutionary refinement of PAMP concept?

A

Specific antigen recognition

52
Q

Characteristics of adaptive response?

A
  1. High specificity
  2. Conolal expansion
  3. Memory
53
Q

How does innate intertwine with adaptive?

A

Innate is gateway and facilitatory or adaptive and final arbitrator of defensive reaction

54
Q

Mac/DC role in adaptive?

A

Uptake and processing of pathogen to display as redflag on surface allerting adaptive response

55
Q

What is orchestrator of adaptive response?

A

Small lymphocyte

56
Q

Two groups of adaptive lymphcytes?

A
  1. T cells

2. B cells

57
Q

What do B cells become?

A

Plasma or memory cells

58
Q

Another name for B cell response?

A

Humoral

59
Q

What is major defense against toxins and infections that thrive in extracellular environment?

A

B cells

60
Q

Two T cell functoins?

A
  1. Helper

2. Cytotoxic

61
Q

Another name for T cell process?

A

Cell mediated immunity

62
Q

What is T cell function most helpful with?

A

Pathogens that hide in host cells

63
Q

What instigates B cell differentiation into plasma cells?

A

B cell bind of specific antigen

64
Q

Which system is life not viable without?

A

Innate

65
Q

How are lymphcytes recognized?

A

CDs - clusters of determination

Host Defense (12 decks)

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