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Genetics > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Genetics

A

The study of biological/biochemical basis of inheritance

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2
Q

Who began the concept of of heredity and inheritance?

A

Gregor Mendel

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3
Q

Who was Mendel?

A

Australian Monk (not a scientist!)

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4
Q

What did Mendel publish his inheritance project on?

A

garden peas in 1865

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5
Q

Who is the father of genetics

A

Mendel

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6
Q

Who discovered ABO Blood groups?

A

Landsteiner

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7
Q

What year marked the beginning of modern genetics?

A

1900

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8
Q

define DNA

A

the substance of inheritance - to alter life forms

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9
Q

Where have we seen advancement in genetics?

A

agriculture- new hybrid corn plants, selected dairy herds, tomatoes that stay fresher longer
Society- cloning of mammals (humans is prohibited), assays, mapping of chromosomes
Medicine- human genetic disorders, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment

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10
Q

Who described alkaptonuria?

A

Garrod

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11
Q

What is alkaptonuria?

A

first inborn error of metabolism

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12
Q

What did Johannsen do?

A

coined the term gene to denote the basic unit of heredity

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13
Q

Name for fruit flies

A

Drosophila melanogaster

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14
Q

What were useful tools to study the actions and interactions of genes?

A

fluit flies and bread mold

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15
Q

Who discovered DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

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16
Q

What is the significance of the discovery of DNA?

A

instrumental for birth of another branch of Molecular Biology

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17
Q

What genetic disorders were discovered around the time DNA was discovered?

A

polydactyly and albinism

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18
Q

What did Dalton do?

A

came up with the atomic theory frame- some disorders (color blindness and hemophilia) show sex or x linked inheritance

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19
Q

What does down syndrome show genetically?

A

one extra chromosome in the 21st pair (trisomy 21)

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20
Q

What discoveries followed discovery of down syndrome?

A

Klinefelter and Turner syndrome

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21
Q

List some single gene disorders

A

cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease and hemophilia

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22
Q

List some multifactorial inheritance diseases

A

cleft lip and palate, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer disease

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23
Q

Which type of disorder received the greatest amount of attention?

Study These Flashcards
A

single-gene disorders

24
Q

What is a modern achievement that has been used to produce therapeutic drugs?

Study These Flashcards
A

modified disease-resistant crops

25
explain genetic counseling
providing information regarding risks, prognosis and treatments to patients and their families
26
What type of plants did Mendel cross pollinate?
pure tall pea plants and pure dwarf plants
27
results of Mendel's first cross pollination
4 heterozygous tall plants were produced
28
define homozygous
the gene is made up of the same exact allele
29
define heterozygous
gene is made up of two different alleles
30
What was the second cross pollination that Mendel did?
crossed two heterozygous tall pea plants
31
Results of second cross pollination
1 homozygous tall, 2 heterozygous tall and 1 homozygous short
32
define monohybrid cross
when one character is chosen to study
33
define dihybrid cross
when two characters are chosen to study
34
In Mendel's second experiment, what characters did he look at?
seed coat and color of the seeds- dihybrid cross
35
what is the ratio that will be created from a dihybrid cross?
9:3:3:1
36
Mendel's first law of genetics
Heredity was controlled by paired factors that segregated when gametes formed and rejoined at fertilization - law of purity
37
Mendel's second law of genetics
Indicates that the segregation of one gene of factors or alleles has no influence over the way any other pair segregates- principle of independent assortment
38
Law of dominance/recessiveness
When two homozygous individuals with contrasting characters are crossed, the character that appears in F1 hybrid is dominant and the one which is suppressed is recessive (3rd law!!)
39
define cell
fundamental unit of all living organisms
40
What does the cell/plasma membrane do?
boundary which encloses gel like fluid (cytoplasm)
41
what is the largest organelle in the cell?
nucleus
42
define nucleus
contains genetic material and the nucleolus- enclosed in a membrane
43
Define mitochondria
involved in cellular respiration providing energy through ATP molecules
44
define Golgi Apparatus
synthesize carbohydrates and packs the protein in to glycoprotein
45
define centrosome
contains centrioles which are involved in spindle formation during cell division
46
define endoplasmic reticulum
net work of canals inside the cell | rough and smooth
47
define ribosomes
protein synthesizing factors
48
define lysosomes
contain many enzymes and considered the cell's digestive system
49
define cytoskeleton
cellular fibers which act as a frame work to support the cell structure
50
microfilaments
contractile like muscles
51
microtubules
involved in movement of cell contents
52
What occupies the central portion of the cytoplasm?
nucleus
53
What area is concerned with the production of ribosomes?
nucleolus
54
What is a karyotype?
a map of the genes in a eukaryotic cell
55
In what phase of cell growth are chromosomes seen?
S phase of cell growth
56
When is something called a chromatid versus a chromosome?
chromatid is tightly coiled- once you can visualize it, it is a chromosome

Genetics (12 decks)

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