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Lecture 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define cancer

A

a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division leading to growth of abnormal tissue

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2
Q

What is it believed the cancer arises from?

A

both genetic and environmental factors that lead to aberrant growth regulation of a stem cell population or by the dedifferentiation of more mature cell types

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3
Q

2 types of cancer

A

malignant and non malignant

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4
Q

What is malignant cancer

A

Fast undifferentiating growth of cells with distance metastasis in other organs

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5
Q

What is commonly known as cancer?

A

Malignant cancer

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6
Q

What is non malignant cancer?

A

benign tumors

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7
Q

What does carcinoma arise from?

A

epithelial cells

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8
Q

What does sarcoma arise from?

A

connect tissue cells

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9
Q

What does melanoma arise from?

A

pigment epithelium

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10
Q

What does Giloma arise from?

A

glial connective tissues of nervous system

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11
Q

What does Leukemia arise from?

A

white blood cells

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12
Q

What does lymphoma arise from?

A

Lymphoid tissue

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13
Q

Is the etiology of cancer known?

A

NO

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14
Q

What contributes to causation of cancer?

A

genetic and environmental factors

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15
Q

Is cancer inherited?

A

NO- but genetic disposition is inherited

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16
Q

What are the environmental factors for cancer?

A

carcinogens + viruses, cigarette smoke, tobacco, coal tar, aniline dyes, radiations and certain chemicals

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17
Q

What is carcinogen?

A

cancer producing agent

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18
Q

What are the tumor suppressor genes?

A

RB, P53, APC genes

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19
Q

What are the Proto oncogenes?

A

RAS, MYC, RET

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20
Q

What is another name for DNA repair genes?

A

tumor supressor genes

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21
Q

Mutations in what causes cancer?

A

somatic cells, germ cells

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22
Q

Is a mutation in somatic cells hereditary?

A

NO

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23
Q

Is a mutation in germ cells heritable?

A

YES

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24
Q

Define Oncogene

A

gene responsible for causing cancer

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25
Define proto oncogene
Normal gene but when activated becomes oncogene
26
What causes activation of the proto oncogene?
mutation, gene duplication, gene translocation
27
Where is the RET pro to-oncogene located?
chromosome 10
28
What is RET loss of function associated with?
development of Hirschsprungs disease
29
What are gain of function mutations associated with?
the development of various types of multiple endocrine neoplasias, phaeochromocytoma and parathyroid hyperplasia
30
What are RAS genes involved in?
cellular signal transduction
31
What can dysregulated RAS signal lead to?
oncogenesis and cancer leading to increased invasion and metastasis
32
What is the Ras protein responsible for?
cell signal transduction
33
What is Rho protein for?
cell morphology
34
Where is Myc gene located?
chromosome 8 in the human
35
What does Myc gene code for?
a transcription factor which is involved in causation of Burkitt's Lymphoma
36
Define tumor suppressor genes?
follow the two hit hypothesis which implies that both alleles that code for a particular gene must be affected before an effect is manifested
37
Are mutant tumor suppressor cells dominant or recessive?
recessive
38
Are mutant oncogene alleles dominant or recessive?
dominant
39
What does RB gene cause?
Retinoblastoma
40
What is mutation of P53 gene responsible for?
several cancers like colon, breast and lung cancers
41
What is APC gene mutation linked to?
adenopolyposis colon cancer
42
What does inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 lead to?
breast cancer
43
What is ATM gene ?
Ataxis telengectasia mutated gene
44
What is ATM gene concerned with?
telengectasia- abnormal blood vessels in cerebellum producing Ataxia
45
Define C-onc
cellular oncogenes
46
Define V-onc
viral oncogenes- present in viruses
47
What genes are involved in cacinogenesis?
HPV E6 and E7
48
What do the genes HPV E6 and E7 inactivate?
tumore suppressor genes RB1 and P53 respectively
49
Define Li-Fraumeni syndrome?
rare autosomal dominant hereditary disorder
50
What does Li-Fraumeni greatly increase susceptibility to?
cancer
51
What does Li-Fraumeni develop?
wide range of malignancies like breast cancer, brain tumors, acute leukemia, and adrenal cortical carcinoma
52
What is Li-Fraumeni linked with?
mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, which normally helps control cell growth
53
Define Retinoblastoma
A rapidly developing cancer in children that develops in the cells of retina, of the eye
54
What disease has one of the best cure rates of all childhood diseases in the developed world?
Retinoblastoma
55
Two forms of retinoblastoma
a genetic heritable form and a non-genetic, non heritable form- 55% of children have non genetic form
56
define sporadic
If there is no history of the disease within the family
57
Mutation of what gen causes heritable form of retinoblastoma?
mutation of RB1 gene on chromosome 13
58
Inherited forms of retinoblastomas are more likely to be ___
bilateral; sporadic are unilateral
59
Symptoms of retinoblastoma?
leukocoria, strabismus (cross eye)
60
Treatment for retinoblastoma?
chemotherapy, cryotherapy, radioactice plaques, laser therapy and surgery, enucleation and radiation therapy
61
One cause of breast cancer?
lack of child bearing breast feeding
62
What cancer is the highest annual incidence rates in the world?
breast cancer
63
Risks of breast cancer?
lack of childbearing or breast feeding, higher hormone levels, race, and smoking
64
What has a strong disposition for development of breast cancer?
early onset of breast cancer in close relatives
65
Who is at a higher risk for breast cancer?
Ashkenazi jewish ancestry and families originating from Netherland, Iceland and Sweden
66
Genes involved with breast cancer?
mutation of BRCA1 gene, BRCA2 gene- tumor supressor genes involved in chromosome repair
67
What can mutation of BRCA2 also lead to?
increased risk of ovarian, prostate, pancreatic cancers and male breast cancer
68
Treatment for breast cancer?
surgical excision, radical surgery, irradiation, chemotherapy
69
Define Colorectal cancer?
Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is a protein encoded by the APC gene- mutations in this gene will cause it- APC is a tumor supressor gene
70
In order to be cancerous, what does a mutation of APC be followed by?
another mutation
71
In carriers of an APC inactivating mutation, the risk of colorectal cancer by age 40 is what percent?
100%
72
Define familial polyposis?
The mucosal surface of the colon is essentialy a carpet of small adenomatous polyps
73
By what age is a total colectomy done when someone has adenocarcinoma?
before age 20
74
WHat level will be elevated in someone with ovarian cancer?
elevated CA-125 levels in serum
75
What is CA-125?
a protein known as MUC 16 encoded by MUC16 gene
76
What is familial breast cancer and familial ovarian cancer associated with?
mutation of BRCA2 gene
77
What does hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer confer a higher risk of?
developing ovarian cancer
78
Symptoms of ovarian cancer?
bloating, borborygmus increased abdominal size, and urinary symptoms
79
Define prostate cancer?
Cancer in males that arises from prostate gland
80
WHere is prostate gland cancer common?
more common in western countries and US the Asian countries
81
What is the process of the cells in prostate cancer?
may metastasize from the prostate to other parts of the body, particularly the bones and lymph nodes
82
Genes responsible for prostate cancer?
gene 1 and 2 (HPC1 on chromosome 25 and 17) are responsible for prostate cancer
83
Genes responsible for development of prostate cancer?
BRCA1, BRCA2 and P53
84
What is the biomarker for prostate cancer?
PSA (prostate specific antigen)

Genetics (12 decks)

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