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Evolution of Plants > Lecture #1 > Flashcards

Lecture #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

Organisms with no nucleus

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2
Q

What does the ending “ogen” mean??

A

Generates whatever comes before it

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3
Q

What does the ending “philes” mean?

A

Liking whatever comes before it

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4
Q

How did eukaryotes evolve?

A

From within prokaryotes

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5
Q

What is included in the Phylum Proteobacteria?

A

Rhizobium- N2 fixing associations in nodules of legumes

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6
Q

What happens inside the Rhizobium nodule?

A

There is bacteria that protects the nodule from O2 so it can fix N2–>NO3 (what plants can use)

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7
Q

What is special about an Agrobacterium?

A

Its a plant pathogen so its able to get its DNA into another plant cell

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8
Q

What is included in the Phylum Cyanobacteria?

A

Blue/green photosynthetic cyanobacteria

-basis of everyday plants but THEY ARE NOT PLANTS

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9
Q

What is included int he Phylum Actinobacteria?

A

Frankia- which also fixes N2 but for non-legumes

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10
Q

Where did photosynthesis come from?

A

Purple+green bacteria that exchanged its genes with a cyanobacteria
-photoautotrophic; not closely related

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11
Q

How did eukaria get there chloroplasts?

A

through endosymbiosis of a cyanobacteria

-membrane of cyanobacterium was kept in tact

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12
Q

What does Polyphyletic mean?

A

Category for unrelated plant like, fungus like and animal like organism lineages

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13
Q

What is a Protist?

A

Anything you couldn’t easily categorize as an animal

-mostly single celled

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14
Q

What are the 4 main groups of plants we are going to be looking at?

A
  • SARs
  • Unikonts
  • Plantae
  • Excavates
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15
Q

When do we estimate that endosymbiosis of a cyanobacteria occurred?

A

1.2 BYA

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16
Q

How do we tell the difference between primary vs. secondary endosymbiosis?

A

The number of membranes around the chloroplast

17
Q

Within the kingdom Fungi, what is in the Phylum of Glomeromycota?

A

mycobionts and mycorrhizae

18
Q

Within the kingdom Fungi, what is in the Phylum Ascomycota?

A

mycobionts of most Lichens

19
Q

Within the kingdom Fungi, what is in the Phylum Basidiomycota?

A

mycobionts of most ectomycorrhizae

20
Q

True or False, land plants were derived from within the Rhodophyta lineage?

A

False, land plants were derived from the lineage of Chlorophyta (green algae)

21
Q

What are the oldest group of land plants still seen today?

A

Mosses

22
Q

When did most of the diversification of plants occur?

A

Before the end of the dinosaurs

-most dinos fed primarily on angiosperms

23
Q

What are the 2 methods of classifying and naming organisms?

A

Taxonomy

Systematics

24
Q

What is the nickname of Taxonomy?

A

The ‘poor cousin’ of systematics

25
Q

What are folk taxonomies?

A

All around the world people have organized and named the organisms that are considered useful or dangerous and often grouped them this way
-basically by personal judgement

26
Q

What is Systematics concerned with?

A

Creating a classification that reflects evolutionary relationships

27
Q

What is Taxonomy concerned with?

A

Creating classifications of convenience

-easy to recognize groups

28
Q

Who provided the ‘start up’ of classification and binomial naming?

A

Linneaus

29
Q

What type of classification has the potential to be more informative?

A

Classification based on evolutionary relationships

30
Q

What is the acronym for the order of taxonomy?

A

DKPCOFGS
Dumb kings play chess on fine green sods
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

31
Q

How were most classes created before binomials?

A

Personal judgement basically

32
Q

What is Numerical Taxonomy or Phenetics?

A

Character states of individuals are codified or quantified and similarity is used as criterion for relatedness
-this method didn’t last long

33
Q

What is Phylogenetic systematics or cladistics?

A

Relatedness is based on patterns of shared derived character states

34
Q

What makes a good evolutionary classification?

A

Every taxon (group) should be monophyletic

35
Q

Definition of Monophyletic?

A

A group of organisms descended from a common evolutionary ancestor

36
Q

Definition of Polyphyletic?

A

A group which includes members that have multiple evolutionary origins

37
Q

Definition of Paraphyletic?

A

Almost all of the descendants of a single common ancestor

-Left out one or more organisms

38
Q

What is a Synapomorphy?

A

Ancestral Character

39
Q

Definition of Convergence?

A

When 2 or more taxa gave the same derived character state, but separate origins
-evolved in 2 different lineages on its own, distantly related

Evolution of Plants (12 decks)

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