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1
Q

Seeks to understand how and why people change and remain the same over time; describes developmental landmarks in multiple domains

A

Human development

2
Q

What is wrong with the definition of “change over time?”

A

Lots of change is occurring around us and in us that is not a developmental change

3
Q

What are the 4 properties of change that constitute development?

A

Sequential, cumulative, irreversible, directional

4
Q

Natural order

A

Sequential

5
Q

Higher order than what we start with

A

Cumulative

6
Q

Upwards trajectory or downward trajectory

A

Directional

7
Q

A process with directional involving an increase in novelty and complexity

A

Development

8
Q

What are the 2 processes of development?

A

Differentiation, integration

9
Q

Development moves from general to specific, homogeneity to heterogeneity

A

Differentiation

10
Q

As a system differentiations in to more specific systems, these ____ with each other to form an integrated whole

A

integrate

11
Q

Conception to birth

A

Prenatal

12
Q

Birth to 2 years; physically immature and without speech

A

Infancy

13
Q

2 to 6 years; speaking and walking, can’t take care of their physical self

A

early childhood

14
Q

6 to 11 years; can take care of themselves and concrete thinking

A

middle childhood

15
Q

12 to 18 years; puberty

A

Adolescence

16
Q

18-25 to 65 years; financially and emotionally stable, independent

A

Adulthood

17
Q

65 years to death; cognitive decline and downward trajectory

A

Late adulthood

18
Q

Brain and body, genetics, nutrition, health, motor skills

A

Biosocial domain

19
Q

Thoughts, reasoning, language, hearing, memory

A

Cognitive domain

20
Q

Emotions, personality, social skills, family culture

A

Psychosocial domain

21
Q

What 2 domains of development go hand in hand?

A

Biological and social development

22
Q

What you are born with, innate potential, inheritance

A

Nature

23
Q

The environment you are born into, includes historical setting, culture, parents etc.

A

Nurture

24
Q

Refers to characteristics that are stable over time

A

Continuity

25
Q

Refers to characteristics that involve abrupt change

A

Discontinuity

26
Q

What is an example of discontinuity?

A

Language, concept development

27
Q

What is an example of continuity?

A

Biological sex

28
Q

Involves change in the amount, frequency, or magnitude

A

Quantitative change

29
Q

Change that involves changes in the kind or type

A

Qualitative

30
Q

Transforming experiences, attitudes, beliefs and other phenomena into numerical values and statistically analyze the data

A

Quantitative methodology

31
Q

Methods that are valuable in providing rich descriptions of complex phenomena

A

Qualitative methodology

32
Q

Observe and record some aspect of behavior in real world settings, high ecological validity, unobtrusive

A

Naturalistic observation

33
Q

Observe and record some aspect of behavior in a controlled environment, less validity

A

structure observation

34
Q

Ask parent to fill out survey, questionaire or poll on childs behavior, cognition, language, temperament, problem with validity

A

Parental report

35
Q

Involves asking very open-ended questions and following up on child’s response, following child’s train of thought while focusing on a specific question while not influencing the child’s response

A

Clinical interview

36
Q

Involves asking very specific questions, trying to assess certain aspect of development, characteristics of interviewer can influence responses

A

Structured interview

37
Q

Measure two or more factors and assess degree of linear relationship, cannot establish causality

A

Correlational study

38
Q

Exercises some degree of experimental control, manipulate one or more independent variables and observe how the dependent variable changes as result

A

experimental study

39
Q

Collect information about individuals of various ages at the same time

A

Cross-sectional

40
Q

What are the advantages of cross sectional studies?

A

less time consuming, less expensive, less sample attrition, no practice effects,

41
Q

What are the disadvantages of cross sectional studies?

A

Cohort effect, can’t study individual variation, harder to tap into processes which produce development

42
Q

Collect information about the same individuals over an extended period of time

A

Longitudinal

43
Q

What are the advantages of longitudinal studies?

A

no cohort effect, can study individual variation, easier to tap into processes which produce development

44
Q

What are the disadvantages of longitudinal studies?

A

More time consuming, more expensive, more sample attrition, practice effects

45
Q

Children shaping their own development early in life and their contributions increase as they get older

A

Active child

46
Q

How do individual differences arise?

A

Genes, environment, reactions to treatment, treatment by others