Lecture 1

Question 1

Clusters of cell bodies in the PNS are called ganglia, but are called nuclei in the CNS

Answer 1

ye

Question 2

what are the basic division of the NS and the key structures in each?

Answer 2

CNS and PNS;
PNS is divided into ANS (sympathetic and parasym) and motor, and enteric

CNS major structures: brain and spinal cord; in the brain: subcortical structures, midbrain, pons, medulla, cerebellum

PNS: major structures are: 
Cranial + spinal nerves 
Autonomic N.S.
Enteric N.S.
*Peripheral sensory nerve endings— where you get pain/absence of pain
*Neuromuscular junction

Question 3

Gray matter has sympathetic innervation

Cell body of the nerve is CNS, but the axon is PNS; if you let pain go on too long, the cellbody (CNS) changes—can have chronic pain

Answer 3

ye

Question 4

study slide 19

Answer 4

ye

Question 5

what composes the hind brain?

Answer 5

pons, medulla, cerebellum

Question 6

study slide 20

Answer 6

ye

Question 7

what will a stroke in the cerebral cortex look like?

Answer 7

E.g. if someone has a stroke in one lobe, treatment will bedifferent than a different lobe
Stroke in frontal lobe—damage motor cortex in mouth–sagging

Question 8

what will a stroke in the basal ganglia look like?

Answer 8

Slowed movement
Trouble getting into chair, using tooth brush
E.g. parkinson’s

bradykinesia, chorea

Question 9

what will a stroke in the cerebellum look like?

Answer 9

Main problem sitting in chair
May feel like room is spinning–vertigo

ataxia/incoordination (same with pons)

Question 10

what will a stroke in the brainstem look like?

Answer 10

CN dysfunction—trouble swallowing, chewing

Question 11

what will a stroke in the spinal cord look like?

Answer 11

Changes in glands in the symp. NS

Question 12

study slide 22

Answer 12

ye

Question 13

what are the 9 dis of the CNS?

Answer 13

1. cerebral cortex
2. basal ganglia
3. cerebellum
4. brainstem
5. spinal cord
6. spinal nerve
7. motor neuron
8. NMJ
9. Muscle

Question 14

If both descending and ascending pathways are damaged, motor and sensory will be affect (non-feeling, paralyzed)

Answer 14

ye

Question 15

describe teh major excitatory neurons in the CNS

Answer 15

are glutamatergic. They make excitatory, long-range connections between most brain regions, and are often reciprocal.
Secrete glutamate

Question 16

describe the major inhibitory neurons in the CNS

Answer 16

are GABAergic. They usually make short-range, local connections within a given brain region which modify the activity of excitatory neurons.
secrete GABA

slows people down–>give them gaba–>calm down ?

Question 17

The cell bodies for neurotransmitter systems involving dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin originate in the brainstem. These systems project to (send their axons to) the cortex but do not have cell bodies in the cortex. They modulate the activity of both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons.

Answer 17

ye

Question 18

study slide 26 & 28

Answer 18

ye

Question 19

what levels of the spine control sympathetic?

Answer 19

T1-L3 (nctinthoracolumar)

Question 20

what levels of the spine control parasympathetic?

Answer 20

CN III, VII, IX, X

S2-4 (sacral)

Question 21

what are the 3 major long tracts in the NS?

Answer 21

lateral corticospinal tract–motor function
posterior columns–sensory (vibration, joint position, and fine touch)
anterolateral pathways sensory (pain, temp, crude tough)–worst one to be active as a dentist

Question 22

describe the neurons in the motor system

Answer 22

two neuron system–> LMN and UMN;

UMN inhibit the LMNs, UMN from motor cortex down to brain stem, decussates, goes down spinal cord and synapses with LMN in anterior horn

Question 23

describe the structures and their function in the brainstem

Answer 23

• midbrain: relay station for auditory and visual info
• pons: has nuclei that relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture……cranial nerves!
• medulla: contains the reticular formation (sleep and attention): contains cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and deals with autonomic functions, such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure

Question 24

describe the cerebellum

Answer 24

• does not initiate movement, but it contributes to coordination, precision, and accurate timing
• damage to the cerebellum does not cause paralysis, but instead produces disorders in fine movement, equilibrium, posture, and motor learning.
• is also thought to play a role in some aspects of learning an memory, as well as some cognitive functions such as attention and language
• possible role in some emotional functions such as regulating fear and pleasure responses

Question 25

describe the important subcortical structures

Answer 25

basal ganglia–striatum/ nucleus accumbens)

• regulates the AMOUNT of movement;
• can receive input from cerebral cortex and communicate with the thalamus (back to cortex) or straight to brain stem for MOTOR MOVEMENT

thalamus: major relay nucleus to the cortex, subnuclei determines cortical target; acts as a “Gateway” to cortex–>takes almost all incoming sensations and directs it to the right place

Question 26

what are the 4 levels of the spinal cord?

Answer 26

cerival, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

Question 27

spinal cord iportant for motor and sensory and reflex

Answer 27

ye

Question 28

Note: the hippocampus is a type of cortex!

Answer 28

ye