Lecture 1 Flashcards
(25 cards)
What are the core behaviours associated with Stuttering?
1) Repetition of sounds and syllables2) Prolongations3) Blocks
True or false: Those who demonstrate these core behaviours should be diagnosed with a stutter
FALSE. it’s the origin of the behaviour that indicates a stutter. For a normal speaking individual stumbling over these words is the result of linguistic planning or unfamiliar words, wheras those with stutters no exactly what they want to say and how to say it but are unable to produce it
What are secondary behaviours of individuals who stutter?
1 - Escape Behaviours (changing the word) 2. Avoidance Behaviours (Avoid phone, presentations)
What are the disfluencies types identified by Wendell Johnson
Interjections, part or whole word or phrase repetitions, revisions, incomplete phrases, broken words, prolongations
How does a neurogenic stutter begin
As the result of a neurological insult (stroke)
How does psychogenic stuttering start
Emotionally traumatizing event
How is developmental stuttering different from the other two
Starts young and if chronic persists into adulthood
The number of NEW cases in a specific time period (regardless of whether they still have the condition or not) is refering to the…
INCIDENCE
The number of ALL current cases in a specific time period is the….
PREVALENCE
ASD has a high ______ and a low _____ because few new cases are diagnosed each year but for those who do have it, it’s chronic
Prevalence, incidence
The common cold has a high ______ and a low ______ because it happens all the time but people get over it quickly (Unless it’s the man cold - which may take weeks to fully recover from)
Incidence, prevalence
What is the incidence (How many people have EVER had it) of stuttering?
5%
What is the Prevalence(How many people CURRENTLY have it) of stuttering?
1% (lower in adults vs. children)
What is the typical age of onset for stuttering?
2-5 years
Is the onset of stuttering gradual or sudden?
Typically gradual but may appear suddenly
What are some potential predictors for recovery?
Family history, gender (more girls recover), severity of stutter and feedback from it, duration since onset, more relaxed language environment
Is stuttering consistent over time?
No, most individuals go through patches of fluency and peak of disfluency.
What is the sex ratio of stuttering in adults and children
More males than females Adults 3-5:1Children 2:1
What could explain the gender difference
> Cultural: higher demands for boys (Old and invalid) > Biological:- boys are more vulnerable-girls are more likely to recoversex-limited genetic predispositions
Can those who stutter anticipate when it will happen
> prediction accuracy ranges from none to very high
Do all individuals stutter on the same sounds consistently
> Consistency ranges from none to very high
What is adaptation in reference to stuttering?
Decrease in stuttering over repeated reading of the same text
What are some fluency inducing conditions for those who stutter?
> Frequency Shifted Feedback (hear your voice at different frequency)> Altered auditory feedback (Delayed)> Masking, Choral speech, metronome> speaking slowly or in sing song> speaking alone or with young children/dogs
What are some stuttering inducing conditions for those who stutter?
> Speaking for a group> Telephone> Saying own name> Speaking under stress (Rate, emotional)
