Lecture 3

Question 1

What is the significance of the vocal tract changing between 2 and 5 years of age

Answer 1

It is critical to provide feedback at this time in order to be able to adapt to changing system Ø i.e. Make the sound /ma/ and mom’s face lights up so I’m gonna make that sound again !!!

Question 2

WHen is the onset of stuttering most likely to happen

Answer 2

During periods of intensive language development

Question 3

Stuttering severity is influenced by ______ and _______ of utterance

Answer 3

complexity and length

Question 4

It’s possible that during this time neural networks are not ready to handle the __________ demands because of what?

Answer 4

Processing1. immature networks2. imbalance in maturity b/w brain regions

Question 5

Periods of disfluency may correspond to acquisition of language ________

Answer 5

milestones (trade off b/w language demand and fluency)

Question 6

List 3 phonetic factors that can increase incidence of stuttering

Answer 6

1. Longer words2. low frequency words3. Initial phonemes

Question 7

List 4 lexical factors that can increase incidence of stuttering

Answer 7

1. less frequent words2. less familiar words3. content words (more than function words) - not in children tho 4. other lexical skills (lexical access, lexical verification)

Question 8

Processing demands increase significantly during preschool years - list three factors

Answer 8

1. neural interference (cross talk)2. Differences in maturation rate of different brain areas3. changes in overall amount of neural resources needed

Question 9

Why might numbers of children who stutter also having language delays be inflated?

Answer 9

Because children with language problems are more likely to be seen by an SLP

Question 10

In repeating nonsense words stutterers tend to do _____ than controls

Answer 10

poorer

Question 11

stuttering adults were ______ on phonological __________

Answer 11

slower, identification

Question 12

There was a significant difference found between PWS and controls for phoneme monitoring during silent picture naming but not during….

Answer 12

Tone monitoring

Question 13

Why can’t we separate phonological processing from lexical processing?

Answer 13

because they are intertwined (lexical access is integral to phonological processing)

Question 14

True or false, stuttering children benefit more from categorical priming than functional priming

Answer 14

FALSE they benefit from functional priming more

Question 15

Did PWS or typical children show more priming effects

Answer 15

Typical children

Question 16

Stuttering is more frequent at sentence _______, clause _________, and sentence ______________ boundariesWhich suggests what?

Answer 16

1. initiation2. boundaries3. constituentA linguistic component to stuttering

Question 17

Morphemic length (syntactic) is a ________ predictor than syllable length (motor)

Answer 17

BETTER - suggesting linguistic deficiency

Question 18

True or false stutters are better at judging sentence grammaticality

Answer 18

FALSE - they are worse

Question 19

In the illinois studies the general finding was that children who stutter core ______ the average mean norm for nonstuttering children

Answer 19

ABOVE

Question 20

What is a possible explanation for why children who’s language abilities declined were more likely to recover from stuttering?

Answer 20

Ø If motor capacity is below average but language capacity are above average Ø You’re going to be much more advanced in language development Ø And language demands are not going to be met by your motor skills Ø Maybe this is what results in stuttering

Question 21

Kids who show persistent stuttering are less able to create a ____ between their language and motor skills

Answer 21

balance

Question 22

What is possible alternate explanation to the correlation between fast talking parents and children who stutter (as opposed to fast talking resulting in stuttering)

Answer 22

Evidence has found that adults speak faster to children who stutter who aren’t their own. Meaning rather than a cause, fast talking is an effect

Question 23

simultaneous talk is _________ correlated with stuttering severity

Answer 23

positively (the more interruptions the more severe the stuttering

Question 24

Increased complexity of language may be linked to ______ liklihood of persistent stuttering in young children

Answer 24

higher

Question 25

Stuttering is more frequently seen in people with _________ disabilities (i.e. down syndrome)

Answer 25

cognitive

Question 26

True or false, traumatic brain injury has been linked to stuttering

Answer 26

TRUE

Question 27

Lower cognitive ability may be linked to ______ liklihood of recovery

Answer 27

lower

Question 28

True or false : stutterers are more neurotic and maladjusted than controls

Answer 28

FALSE - there is no significant difference

Question 29

True or false stutters may be less socially adjusted

Answer 29

TRUE - however these differences are more likely reactive

Question 30

Stutterers have a _________ external locus of control

Answer 30

greater

Question 31

Stuttering children are ____ emotionally reactive and are ____ able to regulate their emotional responses

Answer 31

more, less

Question 32

When children had to supress a behaviour stuttering children made more errors? Why?

Answer 32

Perhaps kids made much more errors than controls because they have difficulty inhibiting a learned behaviour

Question 33

In the fish study, Looking at the direction surrounding fish were facing influenced the kids who stuttered such that

Answer 33

They made more errors than controls

Question 34

Before being asked to recite a story, In bacckground researchers played a recorded conversation in the - Either a neutral conversation, happy conversation or tense conversation Ø Then after they had them read book and recorded disfluencies - what did they find?

Answer 34

Ø Kids who listened to a positive or negative affect conversatoin had more disfluencies and those who listened to flat affect showed fewer disfluencies Ø Children are effected by the emotionality of conversations around them even if they aren't told to attend

Question 35

True or false - traumatic life events may result is SUDDEN onset of stuttering

Answer 35

TRUE