Lecture 1

Question 1

What is the anatomical position?

Answer 1

Standing erect
Palms upward
Toes directed forward

Question 2

What are the 3 axis in the body?

Answer 2

Cranio-caudal (vertical)
Anterior posterior (dorsal-ventral)
Left-right (traverse)

Question 3

Axis of rotation for craniocaudal axis

Answer 3

medial and lateral, left and right

Question 4

Axis of rotation for anterior posterior axis

Answer 4

abduction and adduction

Question 5

Axis of rotation for the left/right or transverse axis

Answer 5

flexion and extension

Question 6

What are the 3 planes of the body?

Answer 6

Median
Frontal
Transverse

Question 7

Describe flexion

Answer 7

bending movement that takes place in a sagittal place around a left and right axis

Question 8

Describe extension

Answer 8

straightening movement out of a bent part that takes place in a sagittal plane around a left and right axis

Question 9

Describe Abduction

Answer 9

moving a part away from the body that takes place in the coronal plane around an anterior, posterior axis

Question 10

Describe adduction

Answer 10

moving a part towards the body that takes place in a frontal plane around an anterior-posterior axis

Question 11

Describe external (lateral) rotation

Answer 11

in the upper limb: movement of the shoulder joint where the anterior portion of the arm (bicep) turns outward.
in the lower limb: the hip joint moves to where the anterior thigh goes away from the body.
These actions occur in the transverse plane along a craniocaudal axis

Question 12

Describe internal (medial) rotation

Answer 12

in the upper limb: a movement in the shoulder joint, the anterior aspect moves towards the body
lower limb: anterior aspect of the thigh also moves towards the body
These actions take place in a transverse place along a craniocaudal axis

Question 13

What are some of the import measures in learning the surface anatomy

Answer 13

Auscultation
Palpation
Bony landmarks
Dermatomes

Question 14

What are the 3 portions that make up the integument?

Answer 14

Epidermis
Basement membrane
Dermis

Question 15

What are the characteristics of the epidermis?

Answer 15

stratified squamous epithelium 
4-5 cell layers 
stratum basale is the deepest layer 
innervated 
avascular

Question 16

What are the characteristics of the dermis?

Answer 16

deepest region of the integument 
dense and irregular connective tissue 
collagen fibers 
elastic fibers 
vascularized

Question 17

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

Answer 17

Papillary layer

Reticular layer

Question 18

What is the papillary layer

Answer 18

loose connective tissue
separated from the epidermis by the basal lamina
network of elastic fibers and abundant capillaries

Question 19

What is the reticular layer of the dermis?

Answer 19

Dense and irregular connective tissue

includes fibrocytes, macrophages, and adipocytes

Question 20

Distinguish between thick and thin skin

Answer 20

dependent on the epidermis

well formed epidermis in thick skin

Question 21

Where is the thick skin found?

Answer 21

palms of the hands and the soles of the feet; no hair

Question 22

What is the superficial fascia? What does it consist of and support?

Answer 22

a layer of connective tissue that the integument sits on top of
has loose bundles of collagen with adipocytes
supports cutaneous nerves and blood vessels

Question 23

What is the deep fascia? And what does it adhere to?

Answer 23

Several thin layers of tough and collagen material that is tightly adherent to muscles, bones, and tendons

Question 24

How are glands classified?

Answer 24

by whether or not they secrete things: endocrine or exocrine

Question 25

What are the 4 types of epidermal glands?

Answer 25

Mammary glands Ceruminous glands Sebaceous glands Sudoriferous glands

Question 26

What are the sudoriferous glands?

Answer 26

long, tubular glands; have 2 methods of secretion; merocrine and apocrine

Question 27

Merocrine secretions

Answer 27

secretions are thin and watery, secretory cell is not damaged in the process of secretion

Question 28

apocrine secretions

Answer 28

Thicker and more viscous excretory ducts opens into a hair follicle inactive until puberty special types: ceruminous glands and glands of Moll

Question 29

Where are the apocrine glands found?

Answer 29

labia majora, axillary and anal regions

Question 30

What are the sebaceous glands

Answer 30

holocrine: secretions are thick and the secretory cell is destroyed in the process of secretion; hair follicles

Question 31

Describe the ceruminous glands

Answer 31

in the EAC, secrete ear wax

Question 32

What are the mammary glands and describe their secretion patterns

Answer 32

modified sweet glands, merocrine and apocrine secretion. Proteins are released in the merocrine secretion and lipids in the apocrine. Secretion is somewhat thick. Apical end of the cell is lost in secretion and the basal part regenerates

Question 33

When do the hairs develop in the gestation period?

Answer 33

3rd month

Question 34

What is the structure of the hair cell

Answer 34

``` shaft follicle dermal papilla with matrix arrestor pilli muscle sebaceous glands hair bulb and connective tissue ```

Question 35

Describe the ungis of the nail?

Answer 35

modified stratum corner flattened avascular and not innervated

Question 36

What are the 3 parts of the nail?

Answer 36

Ungis Matrix Subungis

Question 37

What are the specialized cells that are present in the integument

Answer 37

``` melanocytes Langerhans cells Merkel cells Meissners corpuscles Pacini corpuscle ```

Question 38

Describe the melanocytes

Answer 38

found in the deep layers of the epidermis derived from nervous system components they form melanosomes

Question 39

Describe langerhans cells

Answer 39

``` dendritic cells derived from monocytes antigen-presenting cells stratum spinosum epidermis to lymph nodes Birbeck granules- (antigen delivery) ```

Question 40

What are the merkel cells

Answer 40

mechanoreceptors neuroendocrine cells stratum germinative catecholamine-like granules

Question 41

What are the Meissner's and Pacini corpuscles?

Answer 41

pressure receptors

Question 42

Langer lines

Answer 42

correlate to the tension in the skin and the body that is related to the orientation of the collagen fibers in the dermis important in surgery

Question 43

What is a dermatome?

Answer 43

Specific region of skin innervated by a specific spinal cord level

Question 44

What are characteristics of the epithelial tissues?

Answer 44

``` littler intracellular matrix display free surfaces do not contain blood vessels may be innervated line body cavities and surfaces secretory and excretory parts of glands exhibit polarity sit on basement membrane ```

Question 45

Apical versas basolateral domains

Answer 45

apical is in contact with the lumen | basolateral is in contact with neighboring cells or the extracellular environment

Question 46

What are the 2 components of the basement membrane/

Answer 46

basal lamina and the reticular lamina: reticular is deeper

Question 47

What are the 3 functions of the basement membrane?

Answer 47

selective filtration barrier Scaffold stabilization of tissue shapes

Question 48

What are the ways in which the epithelium can be classified?

Answer 48

number of cell layers shape of the superficial layer surface modifications presence or absence of keratin

Question 49

Where are the lightly keratinized cells found?

Answer 49

esophagus and vagina

Question 50

What are the 3 surface modifications or the apical domain?

Answer 50

cilia stereocilia microvilli