lecture 1

Question 1

what is medical physiology

Answer 1

medicine and hospital related

Question 2

what is comparative physiology

Answer 2

using different animals to compare to each other

Question 3

what are the branches of physiology

Answer 3

mechanical, evolutionary, environmental

Question 4

what are the major themes of physiology

Answer 4

acclimatization, adaptation, feedback, feedforward, structure compared to function, conformity or regulation

Question 5

what are the time domains of physiological change

Answer 5

acute changes, chronic changes, changes in development, circadian rhythms, evolutionary changes

Question 6

what is the environmental conditions of high altitudes

Answer 6

cold, low O2, thin air

Question 7

what is the environmental conditions of burrows

Answer 7

low O2, high CO2, narcosis

Question 8

what is the environmental conditions of water

Answer 8

low O2, high CO2, pollutants (hydrogen sulfide), darkness, salinity changes

Question 9

what is the environmental conditions of atacama desert

Answer 9

lithium salt, dry

Question 10

what is the environmental conditions of changes in salinity

Answer 10

loss/gain of ions

Question 11

what are brackish waters

Answer 11

tide coming in and out changing salinity constantly

Question 12

what is the environmental conditions of hydrothermal vents

Answer 12

water plumes, cold, high pressure, low O2, no light

Question 13

how do organisms deal with hydrothermal vents

Answer 13

tube worms, symbiosis with bacteria to fix carbon, use sulfur instead of O2 for metabolism

Question 14

what are the two mains parts of the nervous system

Answer 14

central NS and peripheral NS

Question 15

what is a part of PNS

Answer 15

efferent and afferent

Question 16

what are the parts of efferent NS

Answer 16

somatic and autonomic

Question 17

what is the somatic NS for

Answer 17

skeletal muscle, motor neurons

Question 18

what is the autonomic NS for

Answer 18

sympathetic (stimulatory) and parasympathetic (inhibitory)

Question 19

what are the exceptions to sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

Answer 19

salivary glands and release of acid into the stomach is stimulated by parasympathetic and inhibited by sympathetic

Question 20

what are the interneurons in the nervous reflex arc

Answer 20

inhibitory interneuron and stimulatory interneuron

Question 21

how does the nervous reflex arc apply to touching a hot stove

Answer 21

pain receptor - sensory receptor - action potential - afferent - PNS - stimulatory interneuron - efferent - activate biceps to move arm away from stove

pain receptor - sensory receptor - afferent - PNA - inhibitory interneuron - efferent - relax triceps so arm can bend

Question 22

what are the types of sensory systems (receptors)

Answer 22

chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors

Question 23

what are the two ways chemical receptors can work

Answer 23

stimulus binds to receptor on plasma membrane - cause ion channel to open - action potential

cell senses stimulus - receptor on inside of cell activated - sends secondary messenger - ion channel opens - action potential

Question 24

how does a pressure receptor work

Answer 24

pressure applied directly on receptor - ion channel opens - action potential