Lecture 1: Background & History

Question 1

Define histology

Answer 1

The study of tissue science, microscopic anatomy of cells

Question 2

Name the four major tissue groups

Answer 2

Epithelial
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissu

Question 3

name the types of epithelium

Answer 3

simple columnar
simple cuboidal
stratified squamous
transitional

Question 4

marie francois Xavier birchat

Answer 4

father of modern histology

perceived that different organs have different tissues, described 21 such tissues without the use of a microscope

Question 5

Rudolf carl virchow

Answer 5

pioneer of pathology
applied cell theory to discern pathological processes
since new cells come from old ones, it can give insight to pathological processes

Question 6

Matthias schleiden

Answer 6

the cell is the essential unit of life
cells arise by budding from the nucleus
= free cell formation theory

Question 7

theodore schwann

Answer 7

by comparing animal and plant cells, was able to identify 5 classes of tissues

Question 8

schleiden and schwann

Answer 8

credited with discovery that all organisms are composed of cells

Question 9

albert koliker

Answer 9

wrote 1st textbook on histology
wrote model textbook for embryology
by applying schwann’s theory to embryonic development

Question 10

Zacharias janssen

Answer 10

uncle and nephew

created first compound microscope with 30x mag.

Question 11

Robert hooke

Answer 11

coined term ‘cell’

Question 12

Anthony leeuwenhoek

Answer 12

was a janitor
made over 247 microscopes with 100x mag.
sent 26 to royal society

Question 13

refraction of light

Answer 13

light waves traveling through a medium will bend and travel at a fixed velocity specific to each type of medium

Question 14

refractive index

Answer 14

angle at which light strikes/enters a medium

Question 15

what is the result when light waves strike a medium at perpendicular?

Answer 15

waves will continue without bending

velocity will change

Question 16

how to calculate RI

Answer 16

refractive index =

light velocity/velocity of light in medium

Question 17

RI of air

Answer 17

1

Question 18

refractive power

Answer 18

a measure of how much a lens bends light waves

Question 19

unit measure of refraction

Answer 19

diopter

1d = 1 meter///focal length

Question 20

the point at which all parallel light waves will pass after traveling through a lens

Answer 20

focal point

Question 21

distance from center of lens to focal point

Answer 21

focal length

Question 22

what type of lens will exhibit a focal point?

Answer 22

convex lens

Question 23

characteristics of a real image

Answer 23

inverted
larger than actual object
can be projected on a screen

Question 24

when is a real image formed?

Answer 24

when an object is outside the focal point

Question 25

how is the greatest magnification of a real image obtained?

Answer 25

lens has a short focal length | object is as close as possible to focal point

Question 26

characteristics of a virtual image

Answer 26

not inverted cannot be projected on screen can be magnified

Question 27

what is significant about the light rays radiated from the object of a virtual image?

Answer 27

rays cannot be brought to focus

Question 28

the ability of an instrument to distinguish two small points as separate entities

Answer 28

resolution

Question 29

how can we accomplish resolution?

Answer 29

the diameter of diffraction lines around the two points must be reduced, if the lines cross it is impossible to distinguish between the two points

Question 30

relate refraction and resolution

Answer 30

the smaller d is | the greater detail in picture

Question 31

how can we improve resolution

Answer 31

use higher RI | use shorter wavelengths

Question 32

compare the theoretical and actual resolution power of the TEM

Answer 32

``` theoretical = 0.01A actual = 5 - 10 A ```