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Histology Exam 1 > Lecture 8-9: Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Lecture 8-9: Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

major categories of CT

A

embryonic
adult
special

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2
Q

embryonic CT

A

wharton’s jelly
found in umbilical cord and pulp of developing teeth
mostly matrix

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3
Q

adult CT

A

reticular
elastic
dense
loose

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4
Q

reticular CT

A

reticular fibers
like dense irregular CT but with reticular fibers
lymphatic tissue

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5
Q

elastic CT

A

elastic fibers
like dense irregular but with elastic fibers
walls of blood vessels

elastic fibers produced by smooth muscle not fibroblasts

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6
Q

dense CT

A

can be regular or irregular

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7
Q

white fibrous CT

A

dense regular CT
thick orderly bundles of collagen separated by rows of cells
elongated nuclei
tendons and ligaments

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8
Q

white fibrous CT organization

A

highly order bundles of collagen

bur can be wavy too — just all wavy at same time

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9
Q

dense irregular CT

A

thick bundles of collagen with no specific orientation

fascia, submucosa of GI tract, dermis

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10
Q

loose CT

A 
areolar CT
loose and random design 
cells>fibers
Type I collagen and elastic fibers
found beneath epithelial tissues, tunica adventitia
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11
Q

special CT

A

adipose
cartilage
bone
hematopoietic

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12
Q

adipose CT

A

giant white empty cells
150 micrometers in diameter
2 types: white or brown

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13
Q

white fat

A

found everywhere
unilocular
nucleus off to side of cell

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14
Q

why do most adipocytes appear to have no nucleus?

A

the cells is so large that the nucleus is often missed when slicing a specimen

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15
Q

single chambered cell

A

unilocular

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16
Q

divided into many small chambers or vesicles

A

multilocular

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17
Q

what does uni/multilocular refer to?

A

in white fat - single lipid droplet

brown - multiple lipid droplets

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18
Q

brown fat

A

found in only 2 places
multilocular
more cytoplasm than white

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19
Q

where is brown fat found?

A

between shldr blades of babies

hibernating animals

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20
Q

what gives brown fat it’s color?

A

abundant in mitochondria

capable of giving off energy as heat to keep the organism warm

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21
Q

CT matrix composition

A

scattered cells
protein fibers
ground substance

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22
Q

most common cell in CT matrix

A

fibrocytes and blasts

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23
Q

most common protein fiber in CT matrix

A

collagen

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24
Q

most common ground substance

A

GAGs and glycoproteins

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25
collagen type I
general CT and bone tensile strength
26
collagen type II
hyaline and elastic cartilage tensile strength
27
collagen type III
parenchyma of organs, blood vessel walls reticular framework but not long fibers
28
collagen type IV
basement membrane meshwork and scaffolding
29
type I collagen fiber synthesis
``` synthesized as pre-propeptide secreted from fibroblast now = propeptide peptidase cleaves now = tropopeptide monomer monomers assembled now = collagen fibers several fibers = collagen ```
30
characteristic banding pattern of collagen
64nm banded pattern | monomers are in parallel staggered arrays, gaps between monomers = banding
31
what occurs before a pre-propeptide is secreted?
after translocation to the ER, the signal sequence is cleaved because it is no longer needed
32
what is peptidase responsible for in collagen synthesis
procollagen (propeptide) has non-helical terminal ends that prevent polymerization and must be cleaved before monomers can be assembled into a polymer
33
elastic fiber synthesis
``` synthesized as pre-propeptide secreted ----> propeptide extracellular enzymes convert now = tropoelastin monomer monomers assemble with aid =elastic fiber ```
34
extracellular enzymes in elastic fiber synthesis
secreted by fibroblasts | enzymes convert propeptides into tropoelastin monomers
35
what aids tropoelastin monomer assembly?
several types of fibrillins aid monomer assembly into sheets/fibers
36
fibrillin 1
provides force-bearing structural support | e fiber synthesis
37
fibrillin 2
regulates assembly of elastic fiber
38
what is the difference between tropocollagen and tropoelastin monomer assembly?
tropocollagen is spontaneous assembly tropoelastin requires fibrillin helpers
39
GAGs
glycos--amino--glycans
40
characteristics of GAGs
large negative charged linear polymers amorphous substance of CT
41
4 categories of GAGs
hyaluronic acid heparin chondroitin sulfate keratan sulfate
42
only non-sulfate GAG
hyaluronic acid
43
hyaluronic acid
largest of GAGs general CT binds readily with water
44
hyaluronic acid binds readily with water......
allowing it to be a lubricant in synovial fluid
45
examples of hyaluronic acid locations
body of eye synovial fluid wharton's jelly
46
heparan sulfate locations
BM, skin, liver, lung, BVs, mast cell granules
47
largest GAG
hyaluronic acid
48
dermatan sulfate locations
also called chondroitin sulfate cartilage, bones, skin, BVs, heart valves, cornea
49
most abundant GAG? most abundant sulfated GAG?
hyaluronic acid dermatan sulfate
50
keratan sulfate
2 types type I --- only found in cornea type II --- cartilage and nucleus pulp of spinal discs
51
GAG covalently linked to a protein
proteoglycan
52
all GAGs exist in proteoglycans except?
hyaluronic acid
53
proteoglycan aggregate description
long hyaluronic acid chain core proteins perpendicular to it cores attached to acid via linker protein GAGs attached perpendicular to core proteins
54
proteoglycans are found perpendicular to …..
attached perpendicular to hyaluronic acid via linker protein
55
proteoglycans are stained with.....
conventional dyes because of sulfate groups
56
proteoglycans are polyanions.....
have multiple negative charges attract water hate each other
57
examples of glycoproteins
fibronectin Chondronectin laminin
58
glycoproteins
proteins with one or more heterosaccharide chains that contain a sugar PAS+
59
fibronectin
major surface protein of fibroblasts link cells, collagen and GAGs
60
chondronectin
derived from cartilage adhesion between chondrocytes and collagen
61
laminin
found in basal laminae attachment of epithelial cells to lamina propria
62
Noncollagenous glycoprotein
laminin
63
fibroblast/cyte shape
spindle shaped with central nucleus
64
resident cells in CT
fibroblasts/cytes macrophages mast cells plasma cells
65
cells in CT that migrate from blood
macrophages mast cells plasma cells
66
macrophage shape
10-30 micrometers oval-indented nucleus irregular shape w/ blunt processes
67
macrophage mvt
amoeboid mvt
68
macrophage shape by type
wandering = oval shape fixed = irregular
69
origination of macrophages
in bone marrow as monocytes
70
function of macrophages
part of the phagocytic system of helper cells
71
macrophages can fuse with.....
other macrophages to create large multinucleated phagocytic foreign body giant cells
72
macrophage locations
``` wandering in blood CT sinusoids of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, marrow alveoli of lungs CNS bone ```
73
macrophage in blood
wandering monocyte
74
macrophage in CT
histiocyte
75
macrophage in live sinusoid
Kupffer cells
76
macrophage in sinusoids of spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
perialveolar macrophages
77
macrophage in alveoli of lungs
dust cells
78
macrophage in CNA
microglia
79
macrophages in bone
involved in bone reabsorption | osteoclasts
80
mast cell characteristics
irregular oval shape small oval nucleus stained with toluidine blue contain membrane bound granules
81
when viewing mast cells.....
often unable to see the small nucleus due to membrane bound granules
82
mast cell granules contain
histamine ECF-A SRS-A heparin
83
ECF-A
attracts eosinophils and neutrophils recruiter factor
84
SRS-A
like histamine but with sustained effects
85
heparin
poor anticoagulant probably involved in helping clear plasma lipids
86
functions of mast cells
involved in hypersensitive responses to allergens membranes release leukotrienes
87
locations of mast cells
near small blood vessels but absent from spleen mucosal surfaces CT
88
plasma cell characteristics
activated B lymphocytes larger than lymphocytes large pale nuclei with clock face
89
locations of plasma cells
rare in CT serous membranes lymphoid tissues lamina propria of GI tract
90
explain the clock face plasma cells
refers to how the nucleus stains heterochromatin near edges euchromatin in center giving the pale center and dark edges
91
lymphocyte characteristics
6-8 micrometers large heterochromatin nucleus thin rim of cytoplasm
92
lymphocytes are numerous in the....
lamina propria of GI tract

Histology Exam 1 (8 decks)

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