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Lecture | BioSci 107 > Lecture 1: Cells & Tissues | Organisation of Human Body > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Cells & Tissues | Organisation of Human Body Flashcards

Organisation of Human Body (155 cards)

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1
Q

How many systems in the human body?

A

Eleven

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2
Q

How many types of tissue?

A

Four

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3
Q

Name the six levels of organisation (smallest>largest)

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. System
  6. Organismal
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4
Q

Define Chemical level

A

Building blocks of body

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5
Q

Define Cellular level

A

Basic structural and functional units of the body

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6
Q

Define Tissue level

A

Groups of cells that work together to perform a function

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7
Q

Define Organ level

A

Structures with specific functions made of two or more types of tissues

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8
Q

Define System level

A

Related organs with a common function

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9
Q

Define Organismal level

A

All parts of body function that make up an organism

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10
Q

Name the 11 body systems

A
  1. Integumentary
  2. Muscular (Skeletal)
  3. Skeletal
  4. Nervous
  5. Endocrine
  6. Lymphatic + Immune
  7. Cardiovascular
  8. Respiratory
  9. Digestive
  10. Urinary
  11. Reproductive
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11
Q

what system functions to “protect” the body

A

integumentary

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12
Q

Name the Integumentary Organ Structures

A

Epidermis:
- Cutaneous membrane (skin)
Dermis
- Hair follicles
- Sebaceous glands
- Sweat glands
- Nails
- Sensory receptors
Hypodermis

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13
Q

What is the function of the Epidermis Cutaneous membrane?

A

Protect surface + deeper tissue
Vit D production:

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14
Q

what component of the integumentary system…
- provide nutrients to epidermis
- provide strength
- Form glands

A

dermis

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15
Q

What is the function of the hair follicles?

A

Sensation
Protection

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16
Q

True or false?
The Sebaceous Gland Lubricates hair shaft and epidermis and Removes waste

A

true

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17
Q

Function of the Sweat Gland?

A

Thermoregulation (sweat)
Breast Tissue = modified sweat gland

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18
Q

what component of the integumentary system…
1. grows in the dermis expressed in the epidermis as dead keratin layer
2. Stiffen and protect digits

A

nails

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19
Q

what sensations do sensory receptors detect?

A

Touch/pressure/temp/pain

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20
Q

Integumentary component that has fat stores and attaches skin to deeper layers

A

hypodermis

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21
Q

Name the x5 muscular system organ structures?

A

Skeletal muscles
- Axial muscles
- Appendicular muscles
Tendons and Aponeuroses

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22
Q

what body system has a primary function of movement?

A

muscular system

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23
Q

true or false?
the skeletal muscles only provide movement

A

FALSE
skeletal muscles provide
- Movement
- Heat production (shiver)
- Support skeleton
- Protect soft tissue

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24
Q

which of the axial or appendicular muscles…
“provide support and position of axial skeleton”

A

axial muscles

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25
which of the axial or appendicular muscles... - Support - Movement - Brace limbs
appendicular muscles
26
What is the function of Tendons and Aponeuroses?
Translate contractile forces into tasks - Tendons attach muscle to bone - Aponeuroses attach muscle to muscle
27
Name the x5 skeletal system organ structures
Bones, cartilage and joints Axial Skeleton Appendicular skeleton Bone Bone marrow - red + yellow
28
the function of the skeletal system is to _____ and _____ and produce blood cells in _____.
the function of the skeletal system is to (support) and (protect) and produce blood cells in (bone marrow).
29
What is the function of Bones, cartilage, joints and types?
Protects joints, shock absorber, reduced friction
30
what are - hyaline (ribs) and - fibro- (discs) types of?
cartilage
31
true or false? "cartilage is a fibrous, resilient, tight material… elastic = sit between joints"
true
32
What is the components of the Axial Skeleton?
Skull Vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx Sternum Supporting cartilages, Ligaments
33
What is the function of the Axial Skeleton?
o Protect spine, brain, sense organs and soft thorax tissue o Support body weight over lower limbs
34
what component skeleton are "Limbs, Supporting bones and ligaments" part of?
appendicular skeleton
35
main function of the Appendicular Skeleton?
o Support the muscle structure o Movement – of axial skeleton
36
what do bones store a) fat b) minerals c) Ca
b) bones store minerals
37
is RED or YELLOW bone marrow haematopoietic?
RED bone marrow
38
red blood cells are produced in RED bone marrow what type of bones are they made in?
flat bones = pelvis; skull; sternum; ribs
39
What is the function of the YELLOW bone marrow and where is it found?
Store fat cells - cavity in long bones, gain with age, yellow > red after major bleeding
40
true or false "red blood cells are lost with age and fat cells are gained with age"
true
41
change that occurs to yellow bone marrow when there is severe blood loss?
yellow marrow changes to haematopoietic to produce more red blood cells
42
name the x2 primary organ structures of the nervous system and their components
CNS > Brain; spine; optic nerve PNS > Special senses; all other tissues outside the CNS
43
what are the functions of the x3 principles of the nervous system 1. sensory input 2. integration 3. motor output
1. sensory receptors detect sensation 2. processes input and decides what should be done about it 3. response when nervous system activates specific part of body
44
What is the function of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
Control centre of systems
45
what CNS component performs... 1. Complex integrative activities 2. Controls voluntary and involuntary
Brain
46
The _____ relays info to and from the _____ and performs _____ complex _____ ______.
The (spine) relays info to and from the (brain) and performs (less) complex (integrative) (activities).
47
The special senses input sensory info to the brain. what are some related senses?
sight, sound, smell, taste, equilibrium
48
What is the function of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
Links CNS to other systems + sense organs
49
True or false, "the PNS takes information in only 1 direction"
FALSE the PNS takes info in both directions and terms of the body
50
Name the x9 endocrine system organ structures
Pineal gland Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Thymus Adrenal glands Kidneys Pancreas Gonads
51
what body system releases hormones to regulate bodily activity?
endocrine system
52
what are hormones?
chemical messengers transported but the blood from the endocrine gland/tissue to target site
53
What is the function of the Pineal gland?
Day night rhythms (melatonin)
54
True or false, The Hypothalamus/Pituitary Gland - Control other endocrine glands - Regulates growth - Fluid balance
TRUE
55
What is the function of the Thyroid gland?
Metabolic rate Ca levels
56
What is the function of the Parathyroid gland?
Ca levels
57
What endocrine component controls T-cell maturation/maturation of lymphocytes?
Thymus
58
the Adrenal gland... 1. release different _____ 2. _____ and _____ balance (aldosterone) 3. _____ metabolism (cortisol) 4. cardio. and resp. function (adrenaline)
1. release different (hormones) 2. (water) and (mineral) balance = (eg: aldosterone) 3. (tissue) metabolism = (eg: cortisol) 4. cardio. and resp. function = (eg: adrenaline)
59
the endocrine kidneys function to... > produce red blood cells > Ca levels > blood pressure _____
> blood pressure (up)
60
What endocrine component is responsible for glucose control?
pancreas
61
Function of the Gonads?
Sexual characteristics + reproduction
62
What is the IGF hormone?
Insulin-like Growth Hormone
63
Process for growth to occur (brain > liver > tissue)
1. growth hormone is released from the brain 2. the growth hormone acts on the liver 3. the live makes other hormones that act on different tissues for growth
64
True or false, "the growth hormone in the endocrine system can lead to tallness or tumours"
TRUE
65
How does "Gigantism" occur?
Too much growth hormone (GH) from childhood
66
How does "Acromegaly" occur?
Too much growth hormone (GH) as adult
67
Do these components require anterior pituitary or posterior pituitary hormones - adrenal cortex - bone/muscle - testis - thyroid - mammary glands - ovary
anterior pituitary hormones
68
Do these components require anterior pituitary or posterior pituitary hormones - kidney tubules - smooth muscle in uterus
posterior pituitary hormones
69
give the anterior pituitary hormones for each of the components - adrenal cortex - bone/muscle - testis/ovary - thyroid - mammary glands
- adrenal cortex = ACTH - bone/muscle = GH - testis/ovary = FSH, LH (Gonadotropins) - thyroid = TSH - mammary glands = Proactin
70
give the posterior pituitary hormones for each of the components - kidney tubules - uterus smooth muscle
- kidney tubules = ADH - uterus smooth muscle = Oxytocin
71
Name the x6 lymphatic system organ structures
Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic fluid B and T Cells Lymph nodes + Tonsils Spleen Thymus
72
What is the function of the lymphatic/immune system?
Defence Transport lipids, proteins, lymphoid cells
73
What is the function of Lymphatic vessels?
Carry lymph fluid and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of CV system Carry lipids from the gut
74
what type of fluid is clear/colourless and is a collection of the extra fluid that drains from cells and tissues
lymphatic fluid
75
What is the where and what is the function of B and T cells?
Immune responses - in lymph nodes or lymphatic fluid
76
lymphatic component that... 1. monitors composition of lymph 2. phagocytosis = defence against pathogens 3. stimulate immune responses
Lymph nodes... inc.Tonsils
77
true or false "lymph nodes get smaller when bacteria is detected"
FALSE lymph nodes detects bacteria and reacts by making more cells = makes nodes larger = which create discomfort
78
What are the x4 functions of the Spleen?
Monitor blood cell circulation Engulfs pathogens Recycle red blood cells Stimulates immune response
79
what lymphatic component 'controls development + maintenance of T cell lymphocytes'
lymphatic thymus
80
What are the 2 parts of lymphatic circulation?
Systemic circulation Pulmonary circulation
81
Explain the process of lymphatic circulation
1. blood out left ventricle > around body > most end up back in veins back to heart > Some fluid comes out from capillaries to provide nutrition to cells that capillaries are adjacent to… need glucose and remove waste 2. Not all of this fluid is absorbed back into the capillaries… 3. excess fluid absorbed by lymphatic capillaries > afferent vessels > lymph nodes > efferent vessels > valve > lymphatic vessel > lymphatic duct > subclavian vein > heart
82
true or false, "the lymphatic ducts empty lymph into junction of jugular and subclavian veins of the cardiovascular system"
TRUE
83
what passes lymph to lymphatic ducts?
lymphatic vessels
84
Function of a valve in a lymphatic vessel
Ensures 1-way flow of lymph
85
type of lymphatic vessel that carry lymph from lymph nodes
efferent lymphatic vessel
86
what component in lymphatic circulation is responsible for... - filtering lymph = remove foreign substances - phagocytosis = immune reactions
lymph nodes
87
type of lymphatic vessel that carry lymph from lymphatic capillaries to lymph node
Afferent lymphatic vessel
88
Function of lymphatic capillaries
absorb interstitial fluid pass lymph to afferent lymphatic vessels
89
how blood plasma becomes interstitial fluid?
blood filtered from blood capillaries to adjacent cells for O2 + nutrients + waste removal excess fluid in interstitial spaces not reabsorbed by blood capillaries = interstitial fluid > later absorbed by lymphatic capillaries
90
name for the condition when there is swelling due to build-up of lymphatic fluid
Lymphadema
91
Name the x3 cardiovascular system organ structures
Heart Blood vessels - arteries - capillaries - veins Blood
92
what body system "transports O2 + CO2 and regulates water and temp"?
cardiovascular system
93
The heart _____ blood and maintains blood _____
The heart (propels) blood and maintains blood (pressure)
94
what component of the cardiovascular system provides a channel for moving fluid around body and diffusion
blood vessels
95
where arteries transport blood to/from?
From heart to capillaries
96
true or false, Capillaries allow for diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids
TRUE
97
where veins transport blood to/from?
Return blood from capillaries to heart
98
what has these functions in the cardiovascular system? - transports O2 + CO2 - Transport nutrients + hormones - Waste removal (of metabolites or CO2) - Temperature regulation - Defence against infection… immune cells - Acid-base balance (-HCO3)
Blood
99
Name the x6 respiratory system organ structures
Nasal cavity + paranasal sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs
100
Main function of the respiratory system?
Transfer O2 and CO2 between blood and air
101
What is the function of Nasal cavity + Paranasal sinuses?
Filter warm humid air + detects smells
102
the Pharynx in the respiratory system opens the back of the throat to _____ air to the _____
the Pharynx in the respiratory system opens the back of the throat to (conducts) air to the (larynx)
103
respiratory component that "protects trachea opening and produces vocalised sound - vocal cords"
larynx
104
cartilage keeps the _____ open to allow air movement
cartilage keeps the (trachea) open to allow air movement
105
What is the function of the Bronchi?
Conducts air between trachea and lungs
106
What is the function of the Lungs?
Air movement Gas exchange O2 and CO2 in alveoli Acid base control
107
what is caused by fast breathing (hyperventilation) and pH of blood increases?
blood alkalosis
108
positive or negative pressure of diaphragm to bring air into lungs?
negative pressure
109
what is the sheet muscle that separates thorax and upper chest with abdomen to move muscle for air
diaphragm
110
Name the x10 digestive system organ structures
Oral cavity Salivary glands Pharynx Oesophagus Stomach Small intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Large intestine + Anus
111
what body system... - Digestion of food - Absorb nutrients - Eliminate solid waste
digestive system
112
the oral cavity _____ _____ food with the _____ and _____
the oral cavity (breaks) (up) food with the (teeth) and (tongue)
113
Salivary glands contain buffers and lubricant to... ______ enzymes to... ______
Buffers and lubricant (get food into back of throat/pharynx Enzymes (begin digestion)
114
What is the function of the digestive Pharynx?
Solid food + liquid to oesophagus Chamber shared with resp. system
115
what component of the digestive system delivers food to the stomach?
oesophagus
116
Digestive system Stomach function and secretion?
churn food Secretes acid and enzymes Hormones
117
true or false the small intestine functions to... - Digestive enzymes - Buffers and hormones - Absorbes nutrients
TRUE
118
What is the function of the Liver?
Secretes bile Regulates blood nutrients
119
what bile assist with
dissolving/breaking up fatty material
120
the gallbladder concentrates bile what is the process to get bile to help break up lipid part of meal?
1. gallbladder contracts 2. bile squeezed out of organ 3. bile goes to the intestine 4. helps break lipid part of meal
121
what is the exocrine function of the digestive Pancreas?
Digestive enzymes Buffers/Fluid made to ensure correct pH for own enzyme function Endocrine cells
122
What is the function of the Large intestine + Anus?
Water removal Waste storage + removal
123
Name the x4 urinary system organ structures
Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra
124
what body system has these functions, - Urine production, storage, elimination - Regulate blood volume - Produce blood cells
urinary system
125
What is the function of the Urinary Kidneys?
Form + concentrate urine Regulate pH and ions ERYTHROPOIETIN - Endocrine function Blood volume and pressure
126
what conducts urine to bladder
ureter
127
what is stored in the bladder prior to elimination?
urine
128
What conducts urine to exterior
urethra
129
What is the abbreviation EPO?
Erythropoietin
130
what type of protein is Erythropoietin and where was it produced
Active protein = Secreted from kidney acts on bone marrow
131
Process to increase aerobic activity
Take erythropoietin > more red blood cells > carry more O2 > increased aerobic capacity
132
what body system produces sperm/oocytes + Hormones regulate processes
reproductive system
133
Name the x10 reproductive system (MALE) organ structures
Testes Accessory organs - Epididymis - Ductus deferens - Seminal glands - Prostate gland - Urethra External genitalia - penis - scrotum
134
What is the function of the Testes?
Produce sperm + hormones
135
What is the function of the epididymis?
Sperm maturation
136
What is the function of the ductus deferens?
Sperm from epididymis
137
What is the function of the seminal glands?
Seminal fluid
138
What is the function of the reproductive MALE urethra?
Sperm to exterior
139
What is the function of the penis?
Reproduction + thermal
140
what component controls the testes
scrotum
141
Name the x5 reproductive system (FEMALE) organ structure
Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina + external genitalia Mammary glands
142
What do the Ovaries produce?
Oocytes + hormones
143
true or false these are functions of the uterus - Delivery oocyte - fertilisation location
FALSE uterine tubes produce these functions... - Delivery oocyte - fertilisation location
144
What is the function of the Uterus?
Embryonic development
145
the Vagina + external genitalia provide _____, a _____ _____ and _____ _____
the Vagina + external genitalia provide (Lubrication), a (Birth) (canal) and (Sperm) (reception)
146
What is the function of the Mammary glands?
Nutrition for new-born
147
What is the microscopic study of tissues of the body?
Histology
148
What does Epithelial tissue do?
Covers body surfaces lines hollow organs, tubes, cavities and ducts forms glands
149
true or false "the epithelia tissue functions to..." - Protection - filtration - secretion - absorption - excretion
epithelial tissue
150
what makes up the connective tissue
ECM + Cells - includes bone + blood
151
what type of tissue performs these functions? - Protect + support body and organs - Binds organs together - Store energy as fat - Transport system of body
connective tissue
152
What is Muscle tissue?
Contractile cells (muscle fibres)
153
What is the function of muscle tissue?
Generates physical force required for movement
154
What is Nervous tissue?
nervous tissue
155
What is the function of nervous tissue?
Detects change in + out of body and responds by generating nerve impulses

Lecture | BioSci 107 (7 decks)

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